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.TH HPING2 8 "2001 Aug 14"
.SH NAME
hping2 \- send (almost) arbitrary TCP/IP packets to network hosts
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B hping2
[
.B \-hvnqVDzZ012WrfxykQbFSRPAUXYjJBuTG
] [
.B \-c
.I count
] [
.B \-i
.I wait
] [
.B \-\-fast
] [
.B \-I
.I interface
] [
.B \-9
.I signature
] [
.B \-a
.I host
] [
.B \-t
.I ttl
] [
.B \-N
.I ip id
] [
.B \-H
.I ip protocol
] [
.B \-g
.I fragoff
] [
.B \-m
.I mtu
] [
.B \-o
.I tos
] [
.B \-C
.I icmp type
] [
.B \-K
.I icmp code
] [
.B \-s
.I source port
] [
.B \-p[+][+]
.I dest port
] [
.B \-w
.I tcp window
] [
.B \-O
.I tcp offset
] [
.B \-M
.I tcp sequence number
] [
.B \-L
.I tcp ack
] [
.B \-d
.I data size
] [
.B \-E
.I filename
] [
.B \-e
.I signature
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-ipver
.I version
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-iphlen
.I length
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-iplen
.I length
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-ipid
.I id
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-ipproto
.I protocol
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-cksum
.I checksum
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-ts
] [
.B \-\-icmp\-addr
] [
.B \-\-tcpexitcode
] [
.B \-\-tcp-timestamp
] [
.B \-\-tr-stop
] [
.B \-\-tr-keep-ttl
] [
.B \-\-tr-no-rtt
] [
.B \-\-rand-dest
] [
.B \-\-rand-source
]
hostname
.br
.ad
.SH DESCRIPTION
hping2 is a network tool able to send custom TCP/IP packets and to
display target replies like ping program does with ICMP replies. hping2
handle fragmentation, arbitrary packets body and size and can be used in
order to transfer files encapsulated under supported protocols. Using
hping2 you are able to perform at least the following stuff:

 - Test firewall rules
 - Advanced port scanning
 - Test net performance using different protocols,
   packet size, TOS (type of service) and fragmentation.
 - Path MTU discovery
 - Transferring files between even really fascist firewall
   rules.
 - Traceroute-like under different protocols.
 - Firewalk-like usage.
 - Remote OS fingerprinting.
 - TCP/IP stack auditing.
 - A lot of others.

.IR "It's also a good didactic tool to learn TCP/IP" .
hping2 is developed and maintained by antirez@invece.org and is
licensed under GPL version 2. Development is open so you can send
me patches, suggestion and affronts without inhibitions.
.SH HPING SITE
primary site at
.BR http://www.hping.org .
You can found both the stable release and the instruction
to download the latest source code at http://www.hping.org/download.html
.SH BASE OPTIONS
.TP
.I -h --help
Show an help screen on standard output, so you can pipe to less.
.TP
.I -v --version
Show version information and API used to access to data link layer,
.I linux sock packet
or
.IR libpcap.
.TP
.I -c --count count
Stop after sending (and receiving)
.I count
response packets. After last packet was send hping2 wait COUNTREACHED_TIMEOUT
seconds target host replies. You are able to tune COUNTREACHED_TIMEOUT editing
hping2.h
.TP
.I -i --interval
Wait
the specified number of seconds or micro seconds between sending each packet.
--interval X set
.I wait
to X seconds, --interval uX set
.I wait
to X micro seconds.
The default is to wait
one second between each packet. Using hping2 to transfer files tune this
option is really important in order to increase transfer rate. Even using
hping2 to perform idle/spoofing scanning you should tune this option, see
.B HPING2-HOWTO
for more information.
.TP
.I --fast
Alias for -i u10000. Hping will send 10 packets for second.
.TP
.I --faster
Alias for -i u1. Faster then --fast ;) (but not as fast as your computer can send packets due to the signal-driven design).
.TP
.I -n --numeric
Numeric output only, No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names for host addresses.
.TP
.I -q --quiet
Quiet output. Nothing is displayed except the summary lines at
startup time and when finished.
.TP
.I -I --interface interface name
By default on linux and BSD systems hping2 uses default routing interface.
In other systems or when there is no default route
hping2 uses the first non-loopback interface.
However you are able to force hping2 to use the interface you need using
this option. Note: you don't need to specify the whole name, for
example -I et will match eth0 ethernet0 myet1 et cetera. If no interfaces
match hping2 will try to use lo.
.TP
.I -V --verbose
Enable verbose output. TCP replies will be shown as follows:

len=46 ip=192.168.1.1 flags=RA DF seq=0 ttl=255 id=0 win=0 rtt=0.4 ms
tos=0 iplen=40 seq=0 ack=1380893504 sum=2010 urp=0 
.TP
.I -D --debug
Enable debug mode, it's useful when you experience some problem with
hping2. When debug mode is enabled you will get more information about
.B interface detection, data link layer access, interface settings, options
.B parsing, fragmentation, HCMP protocol
and other stuff.
.TP
.I -z --bind
Bind CTRL+Z to
.B time to live (TTL)
so you will able to increment/decrement ttl of outgoing packets pressing
CTRL+Z once or twice.
.TP
.I -Z --unbind
Unbind CTRL+Z so you will able to stop hping2.
.SH PROTOCOL SELECTION
Default protocol is TCP, by default hping2 will send tcp headers to target
host's port 0 with a winsize of 64 without any tcp flag on. Often this
is the best way to do an 'hide ping', useful when target is behind
a firewall that drop ICMP. Moreover a tcp null-flag to port 0 has a good
probability of not being logged.
.TP
.I -0 --rawip
RAW IP mode, in this mode hping2 will send IP header with data
appended with --signature and/or --file, see also --ipproto that
allows you to set the ip protocol field.
.TP
.I -1 --icmp
ICMP mode, by default hping2 will send ICMP echo-request, you can set
other ICMP type/code using
.B --icmptype --icmpcode
options.
.TP
.I -2 --udp
UDP mode, by default hping2 will send udp to target host's port 0.
UDP header tunable options are the following:
.B --baseport, --destport, --keep.
.TP
.I -8 --scan
Scan mode, the option expects an argument that describes groups of
ports to scan. port groups are comma separated: a number describes
just a single port, so 1,2,3 means port 1, 2 and 3. ranges are specified
using a start-end notation, like 1-1000, that tell hping to scan ports between 1 and 1000 (included). the special word
.B all
is an alias for 0-65535, while the special word
.B known
includes all the ports listed in /etc/services.
.br
Groups can be combined, so the following command line will
scan ports between 1 and 1000 AND port 8888 AND ports listed in /etc/services:
.B hping --scan 1-1000,8888,known -S target.host.com
.br
Groups can be negated (subtracted) using a ! character as prefix,
so the following command line will scan all the ports NOT listed
in /etc/services in the range 1-1024:
.B hping --scan '1-1024,!known' -S target.host.com
.br
Keep in mind that while hping seems much more like a port scanner in
this mode, most of the hping switches are still honored, so for example to
perform a SYN scan you need to specify the
.B -S
option, you can change the TCP windows size, TTL, control the
IP fragmentation as usually, and so on. The only real difference is that
the standard hping behaviors are encapsulated into a scanning
algorithm.
.br
.BR "Tech note" :
The scan mode uses a two-processes design, with shared memory for synchronization. The scanning algorithm is still not optimal, but already quite fast.
.br
.BR Hint :
unlike most scanners, hping shows some interesting info about received
packets, the IP ID, TCP win, TTL, and so on, don't forget to look
at this additional information when you perform a scan! Sometimes they
shows interesting details.
.TP
.I -9 --listen signature
HPING2 listen mode, using this option hping2 waits for packet that contain
.I signature
and dump from
.I signature
end to packet's end. For example if hping2 --listen TEST reads a packet
that contain
.B 234-09sdflkjs45-TESThello_world
it will display
.BR hello_world .
.SH IP RELATED OPTIONS
.TP
.I -a --spoof hostname
Use this option in order to set a fake IP source address, this option
ensures that target will not gain your real address. However replies
will be sent to spoofed address, so you will can't see them. In order
to see how it's possible to perform spoofed/idle scanning see the
.BR HPING2-HOWTO .
.TP
.I --rand-source
This option enables the
.BR "random source mode" .
hping will send packets with random source address. It is interesting
to use this option to stress firewall state tables, and other
per-ip basis dynamic tables inside the TCP/IP stacks and firewall
software.
.TP
.I --rand-dest
This option enables the
.BR "random destination mode" .
hping will send the packets to random addresses obtained following
the rule you specify as the target host. You need to specify
a numerical IP address as target host like
.BR 10.0.0.x .
All the occurrences of
.B x
will be replaced with a random number in the range 0-255. So to obtain
Internet IP addresses in the whole IPv4 space use something like
.BR "hping x.x.x.x --rand-dest" .
If you are not sure about what kind of addresses your rule is generating
try to use the
.B --debug
switch to display every new destination address generated.
When this option is turned on, matching packets will be accept from all
the destinations.
.br
.BR Warning :
when this option is enabled hping can't detect the right outgoing
interface for the packets, so you should use the
.B --interface
option to select the desired outgoing interface.
.TP
.I -t --ttl time to live
Using this option you can set
.B TTL (time to live)
of outgoing packets, it's likely that you will use this with
.B --traceroute
or
.B --bind
options. If in doubt try
.BR "" "`" "hping2 some.host.com -t 1 --traceroute" "'."
.TP
.I -N --id
Set ip->id field. Default id is random but if fragmentation is turned on
and id isn't specified it will be
.BR "getpid() & 0xFF" ,
to implement a better solution is in TODO list.
.TP
.I -H --ipproto
Set the ip protocol in RAW IP mode.
.TP
.I -W --winid
id from Windows* systems before Win2k has different byte ordering, if this
option is enable
hping2 will properly display id replies from those Windows.
.TP
.I -r --rel
Display id increments instead of id. See the
.B HPING2-HOWTO
for more information. Increments aren't computed as id[N]-id[N-1] but
using packet loss compensation. See relid.c for more information.
.TP
.I -f --frag
Split packets in more fragments, this may be useful in order to test
IP stacks fragmentation performance and to test if some
packet filter is so weak that can be passed using tiny fragments
(anachronistic). Default 'virtual mtu' is 16 bytes. see also
.I --mtu
option.
.TP
.I -x --morefrag
Set more fragments IP flag, use this option if you want that target
host send an
.BR "ICMP time-exceeded during reassembly" .
.TP
.I -y --dontfrag
Set don't fragment IP flag, this can be used to perform
.BR "MTU path discovery" .
.TP
.I -g --fragoff fragment offset value
Set the fragment offset.
.TP
.I -m --mtu mtu value
Set different 'virtual mtu' than 16 when fragmentation is enabled. If
packets size is greater that 'virtual mtu' fragmentation is automatically
turned on.
.TP
.I -o --tos hex_tos
Set
.BR "Type Of Service (TOS)" ,
for more information try
.BR "--tos help" .
.TP
.I -G --rroute
Record route. Includes the RECORD_ROUTE option in each packet sent and
displays the route buffer of returned packets. Note that the IP header
is only large enough for nine such routes. Many hosts ignore or discard
this option. Also note that using hping you are able to use record route
even if target host filter ICMP. Record route is an IP option, not
an ICMP option, so you can use record route option even in TCP and UDP
mode.
.SH ICMP RELATED OPTIONS
.TP
.I -C --icmptype type
Set icmp type, default is
.B ICMP echo request
(implies --icmp).
.TP
.I -K --icmpcode code
Set icmp code, default is 0 (implies --icmp).
.TP
.I --icmp-ipver
Set IP version of IP header contained into ICMP data, default is 4.
.TP
.I --icmp-iphlen
Set IP header length of IP header contained into ICMP data, default is 5 (5 words of 32 bits).
.TP
.I --icmp-iplen
Set IP packet length of IP header contained into ICMP data, default is the real
length.
.TP
.I --icmp-ipid
Set IP id of IP header contained into ICMP data, default is random.
.TP
.I --icmp-ipproto
Set IP protocol of IP header contained into ICMP data, default is TCP.
.TP
.I --icmp-cksum
Set ICMP checksum, for default is the valid checksum.
.TP
.I --icmp-ts
Alias for --icmptype 13 (to send ICMP timestamp requests).
.TP
.I --icmp-addr
Alias for --icmptype 17 (to send ICMP address mask requests).
.SH TCP/UDP RELATED OPTIONS
.TP
.I -s --baseport source port
hping2 uses source port in order to guess replies sequence number. It
starts with a base source port number, and increase this number for each
packet sent. When packet is received sequence number can be computed as
.IR "replies.dest.port - base.source.port" .
Default base source port is random, using this option you are able to
set different number. If you need that source port not be increased for
each sent packet use the
.I -k --keep
option.
.TP
.I -p --destport [+][+]dest port
Set destination port, default is 0. If '+' character precedes dest port
number (i.e. +1024) destination port will be increased for each reply
received. If double '+' precedes dest port number (i.e. ++1024), destination
port will be increased for each packet sent.
By default destination port can be modified interactively using
.BR CTRL+z .
.TP
.I --keep
keep still source port, see
.I --baseport
for more information.
.TP
.I -w --win
Set TCP window size. Default is 64.
.TP
.I -O --tcpoff
Set fake tcp data offset. Normal data offset is tcphdrlen / 4.
.TP
.I -M --tcpseq
Set the TCP sequence number.
.TP
.I -L --tcpack
Set the TCP ack.
.TP
.I -Q --seqnum
This option can be used in order to collect sequence numbers generated
by target host. This can be useful when you need to analyze whether
TCP sequence number is predictable. Output example:

.B #hping2 win98 --seqnum -p 139 -S -i u1 -I eth0
.nf
HPING uaz (eth0 192.168.4.41): S set, 40 headers + 0 data bytes
2361294848 +2361294848
2411626496 +50331648
2545844224 +134217728
2713616384 +167772160
2881388544 +167772160
3049160704 +167772160
3216932864 +167772160
3384705024 +167772160
3552477184 +167772160
3720249344 +167772160
3888021504 +167772160
4055793664 +167772160
4223565824 +167772160
.fi

The first column reports the sequence number, the second difference
between current and last sequence number. As you can see target host's sequence
numbers are predictable.
.TP
.I -b --badcksum
Send packets with a bad UDP/TCP checksum.
.TP
.I --tcp-timestamp
Enable the TCP timestamp option, and try to guess the timestamp update
frequency and the remote system uptime.
.TP
.I -F --fin
Set FIN tcp flag.
.TP
.I -S --syn
Set SYN tcp flag.
.TP
.I -R --rst
Set RST tcp flag.
.TP
.I -P --push
Set PUSH tcp flag.
.TP
.I -A --ack
Set ACK tcp flag.
.TP
.I -U --urg
Set URG tcp flag.
.TP
.I -X --xmas
Set Xmas tcp flag.
.TP
.I -Y --ymas
Set Ymas tcp flag.
.SH COMMON OPTIONS
.TP
.I -d --data data size
Set packet body size. Warning, using --data 40 hping2 will not generate
0 byte packets but protocol_header+40 bytes. hping2 will display
packet size information as first line output, like this:
.B HPING www.yahoo.com (ppp0 204.71.200.67): NO FLAGS are set, 40 headers + 40 data bytes
.TP
.I -E --file filename
Use
.B filename
contents to fill packet's data.
.TP
.I -e --sign signature
Fill first
.I signature length
bytes of data with
.IR signature .
If the
.I signature length
is bigger than data size an error message will be displayed.
If you don't specify the data size hping will use the signature
size as data size.
This option can be used safely with
.I --file filename
option, remainder data space will be filled using
.IR filename .
.TP
.I -j --dump
Dump received packets in hex.
.TP
.I -J --print
Dump received packets' printable characters.
.TP
.I -B --safe
Enable safe protocol, using this option lost packets in file transfers
will be resent. For example in order to send file /etc/passwd from host
A to host B you may use the following:
.nf
.I [host_a]
.B # hping2 host_b --udp -p 53 -d 100 --sign signature --safe --file /etc/passwd
.I [host_b]
.B # hping2 host_a --listen signature --safe --icmp
.fi
.TP
.I -u --end
If you are using
.I --file filename
option, tell you when EOF has been reached. Moreover prevent that other end
accept more packets. Please, for more information see the
.BR HPING2-HOWTO .
.TP
.I -T --traceroute
Traceroute mode. Using this option hping2 will increase ttl for each
.B ICMP time to live 0 during transit
received. Try
.BR "hping2 host --traceroute" .
This option implies --bind and --ttl 1. You can override the ttl of 1
using the --ttl option. Since 2.0.0 stable it prints RTT information.
.TP
.I --tr-keep-ttl
Keep the TTL fixed in traceroute mode, so you can monitor just one hop
in the route. For example, to monitor how the 5th hop changes or
how its RTT changes you can try
.BR "hping2 host --traceroute --ttl 5 --tr-keep-ttl" .
.TP
.I --tr-stop
If this option is specified hping will exit once the first packet
that isn't an ICMP time exceeded is received. This better emulates
the traceroute behavior.
.TP
.I --tr-no-rtt
Don't show RTT information in traceroute mode. The ICMP time exceeded RTT
information aren't even calculated if this option is set.
.TP
.I --tcpexitcode
Exit with last received packet tcp->th_flag as exit code. Useful for scripts
that need, for example, to known if the port 999 of some host reply with
SYN/ACK or with RST in response to SYN, i.e. the service is up or down.
.SH TCP OUTPUT FORMAT
The standard TCP output format is the following:

len=46 ip=192.168.1.1 flags=RA DF seq=0 ttl=255 id=0 win=0 rtt=0.4 ms

.B len
is the size, in bytes, of the data captured from the data link layer
excluding the data link header size. This may not match the IP datagram
size due to low level transport layer padding.

.B ip
is the source ip address.

.B flags
are the TCP flags, R for RESET, S for SYN, A for ACK, F for FIN,
P for PUSH, U for URGENT, X for not standard 0x40, Y for not standard
0x80.

If the reply contains
.B DF
the IP header has the don't fragment bit set.

.B seq
is the sequence number of the packet, obtained using the source
port for TCP/UDP packets, the sequence field for ICMP packets.

.B id
is the IP ID field.

.B win
is the TCP window size.

.B rtt
is the round trip time in milliseconds.

If you run hping using the
.B -V
command line switch it will display additional information about the
packet, example:

len=46 ip=192.168.1.1 flags=RA DF seq=0 ttl=255 id=0 win=0 rtt=0.4 ms
tos=0 iplen=40 seq=0 ack=1223672061 sum=e61d urp=0 

.B tos
is the type of service field of the IP header.

.B iplen
is the IP total len field.

.B seq and ack
are the sequence and acknowledge 32bit numbers in the TCP header.

.B sum
is the TCP header checksum value.

.B urp
is the TCP urgent pointer value.

.SH UDP OUTPUT FORMAT

The standard output format is:

len=46 ip=192.168.1.1 seq=0 ttl=64 id=0 rtt=6.0 ms

The field meaning is just the same as the TCP output meaning of the
same fields.

.SH ICMP OUTPUT FORMAT

An example of ICMP output is:

ICMP Port Unreachable from ip=192.168.1.1 name=nano.marmoc.net

It is very simple to understand. It starts with the string "ICMP"
followed by the description of the ICMP error, Port Unreachable
in the example. The ip field is the IP source address of the IP
datagram containing the ICMP error, the name field is just the
numerical address resolved to a name (a dns PTR request) or UNKNOWN if the
resolution failed.

The ICMP Time exceeded during transit or reassembly format is a bit
different:

TTL 0 during transit from ip=192.168.1.1 name=nano.marmoc.net

TTL 0 during reassembly from ip=192.70.106.25 name=UNKNOWN   

The only difference is the description of the error, it starts with
TTL 0.

.SH AUTHOR
Salvatore Sanfilippo <antirez@invece.org>, with the help of the people mentioned in AUTHORS file and at http://www.hping.org/authors.html
.SH BUGS
Even using the --end and --safe options to transfer files the final packet
will be padded with 0x00 bytes.
.PP
Data is read without care about alignment, but alignment is enforced
in the data structures.
This will not be a problem under i386 but, while usually the TCP/IP
headers are naturally aligned, may create problems with different
processors and bogus packets if there is some unaligned access around
the code (hopefully none).
.PP
On solaris hping does not work on the loopback interface. This seems
a solaris problem, as stated in the tcpdump-workers mailing list,
so the libpcap can't do nothing to handle it properly.
.SH SEE ALSO
ping(8), traceroute(8), ifconfig(8), nmap(1)