Annotation of embedaddon/pcre/doc/html/pcrepartial.html, revision 1.1.1.3
1.1 misho 1: <html>
2: <head>
3: <title>pcrepartial specification</title>
4: </head>
5: <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#00005A" link="#0066FF" alink="#3399FF" vlink="#2222BB">
6: <h1>pcrepartial man page</h1>
7: <p>
8: Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE index page</a>.
9: </p>
10: <p>
11: This page is part of the PCRE HTML documentation. It was generated automatically
12: from the original man page. If there is any nonsense in it, please consult the
13: man page, in case the conversion went wrong.
14: <br>
15: <ul>
16: <li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">PARTIAL MATCHING IN PCRE</a>
1.1.1.2 misho 17: <li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">PARTIAL MATCHING USING pcre_exec() OR pcre16_exec()</a>
18: <li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">PARTIAL MATCHING USING pcre_dfa_exec() OR pcre16_dfa_exec()</a>
1.1 misho 19: <li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">PARTIAL MATCHING AND WORD BOUNDARIES</a>
20: <li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">FORMERLY RESTRICTED PATTERNS</a>
21: <li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">EXAMPLE OF PARTIAL MATCHING USING PCRETEST</a>
1.1.1.2 misho 22: <li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_dfa_exec() OR pcre16_dfa_exec()</a>
23: <li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_exec() OR pcre16_exec()</a>
1.1 misho 24: <li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">ISSUES WITH MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING</a>
25: <li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">AUTHOR</a>
26: <li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">REVISION</a>
27: </ul>
28: <br><a name="SEC1" href="#TOC1">PARTIAL MATCHING IN PCRE</a><br>
29: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 30: In normal use of PCRE, if the subject string that is passed to a matching
31: function matches as far as it goes, but is too short to match the entire
32: pattern, PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH is returned. There are circumstances where it might
33: be helpful to distinguish this case from other cases in which there is no
34: match.
1.1 misho 35: </P>
36: <P>
37: Consider, for example, an application where a human is required to type in data
38: for a field with specific formatting requirements. An example might be a date
39: in the form <i>ddmmmyy</i>, defined by this pattern:
40: <pre>
41: ^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$
42: </pre>
43: If the application sees the user's keystrokes one by one, and can check that
44: what has been typed so far is potentially valid, it is able to raise an error
45: as soon as a mistake is made, by beeping and not reflecting the character that
46: has been typed, for example. This immediate feedback is likely to be a better
47: user interface than a check that is delayed until the entire string has been
48: entered. Partial matching can also be useful when the subject string is very
49: long and is not all available at once.
50: </P>
51: <P>
52: PCRE supports partial matching by means of the PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT and
1.1.1.2 misho 53: PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD options, which can be set when calling any of the matching
54: functions. For backwards compatibility, PCRE_PARTIAL is a synonym for
55: PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT. The essential difference between the two options is whether
56: or not a partial match is preferred to an alternative complete match, though
57: the details differ between the two types of matching function. If both options
1.1 misho 58: are set, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD takes precedence.
59: </P>
60: <P>
1.1.1.3 ! misho 61: If you want to use partial matching with just-in-time optimized code, you must
! 62: call <b>pcre_study()</b> or <b>pcre16_study()</b> with one or both of these
! 63: options:
! 64: <pre>
! 65: PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT_COMPILE
! 66: PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD_COMPILE
! 67: </pre>
! 68: PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE should also be set if you are going to run non-partial
! 69: matches on the same pattern. If the appropriate JIT study mode has not been set
! 70: for a match, the interpretive matching code is used.
! 71: </P>
! 72: <P>
! 73: Setting a partial matching option disables two of PCRE's standard
1.1.1.2 misho 74: optimizations. PCRE remembers the last literal data unit in a pattern, and
75: abandons matching immediately if it is not present in the subject string. This
1.1 misho 76: optimization cannot be used for a subject string that might match only
77: partially. If the pattern was studied, PCRE knows the minimum length of a
78: matching string, and does not bother to run the matching function on shorter
79: strings. This optimization is also disabled for partial matching.
80: </P>
1.1.1.2 misho 81: <br><a name="SEC2" href="#TOC1">PARTIAL MATCHING USING pcre_exec() OR pcre16_exec()</a><br>
1.1 misho 82: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 83: A partial match occurs during a call to <b>pcre_exec()</b> or
84: <b>pcre16_exec()</b> when the end of the subject string is reached successfully,
85: but matching cannot continue because more characters are needed. However, at
86: least one character in the subject must have been inspected. This character
87: need not form part of the final matched string; lookbehind assertions and the
88: \K escape sequence provide ways of inspecting characters before the start of a
89: matched substring. The requirement for inspecting at least one character exists
90: because an empty string can always be matched; without such a restriction there
91: would always be a partial match of an empty string at the end of the subject.
92: </P>
93: <P>
94: If there are at least two slots in the offsets vector when a partial match is
95: returned, the first slot is set to the offset of the earliest character that
96: was inspected. For convenience, the second offset points to the end of the
97: subject so that a substring can easily be identified.
1.1 misho 98: </P>
99: <P>
100: For the majority of patterns, the first offset identifies the start of the
101: partially matched string. However, for patterns that contain lookbehind
102: assertions, or \K, or begin with \b or \B, earlier characters have been
103: inspected while carrying out the match. For example:
104: <pre>
105: /(?<=abc)123/
106: </pre>
107: This pattern matches "123", but only if it is preceded by "abc". If the subject
108: string is "xyzabc12", the offsets after a partial match are for the substring
109: "abc12", because all these characters are needed if another match is tried
110: with extra characters added to the subject.
111: </P>
112: <P>
113: What happens when a partial match is identified depends on which of the two
114: partial matching options are set.
115: </P>
116: <br><b>
1.1.1.2 misho 117: PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT WITH pcre_exec() OR pcre16_exec()
1.1 misho 118: </b><br>
119: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 120: If PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT is set when <b>pcre_exec()</b> or <b>pcre16_exec()</b>
121: identifies a partial match, the partial match is remembered, but matching
122: continues as normal, and other alternatives in the pattern are tried. If no
123: complete match can be found, PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned instead of
124: PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH.
1.1 misho 125: </P>
126: <P>
127: This option is "soft" because it prefers a complete match over a partial match.
128: All the various matching items in a pattern behave as if the subject string is
129: potentially complete. For example, \z, \Z, and $ match at the end of the
130: subject, as normal, and for \b and \B the end of the subject is treated as a
131: non-alphanumeric.
132: </P>
133: <P>
134: If there is more than one partial match, the first one that was found provides
135: the data that is returned. Consider this pattern:
136: <pre>
137: /123\w+X|dogY/
138: </pre>
139: If this is matched against the subject string "abc123dog", both
140: alternatives fail to match, but the end of the subject is reached during
141: matching, so PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned. The offsets are set to 3 and 9,
142: identifying "123dog" as the first partial match that was found. (In this
143: example, there are two partial matches, because "dog" on its own partially
144: matches the second alternative.)
145: </P>
146: <br><b>
1.1.1.2 misho 147: PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD WITH pcre_exec() OR pcre16_exec()
1.1 misho 148: </b><br>
149: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 150: If PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set for <b>pcre_exec()</b> or <b>pcre16_exec()</b>,
151: PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned as soon as a partial match is found, without
152: continuing to search for possible complete matches. This option is "hard"
153: because it prefers an earlier partial match over a later complete match. For
154: this reason, the assumption is made that the end of the supplied subject string
155: may not be the true end of the available data, and so, if \z, \Z, \b, \B,
156: or $ are encountered at the end of the subject, the result is
157: PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL, provided that at least one character in the subject has
158: been inspected.
159: </P>
160: <P>
161: Setting PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD also affects the way UTF-8 and UTF-16
162: subject strings are checked for validity. Normally, an invalid sequence
163: causes the error PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF8 or PCRE_ERROR_BADUTF16. However, in the
164: special case of a truncated character at the end of the subject,
165: PCRE_ERROR_SHORTUTF8 or PCRE_ERROR_SHORTUTF16 is returned when
1.1 misho 166: PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set.
167: </P>
168: <br><b>
169: Comparing hard and soft partial matching
170: </b><br>
171: <P>
172: The difference between the two partial matching options can be illustrated by a
173: pattern such as:
174: <pre>
175: /dog(sbody)?/
176: </pre>
177: This matches either "dog" or "dogsbody", greedily (that is, it prefers the
178: longer string if possible). If it is matched against the string "dog" with
179: PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT, it yields a complete match for "dog". However, if
180: PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set, the result is PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL. On the other hand,
181: if the pattern is made ungreedy the result is different:
182: <pre>
183: /dog(sbody)??/
184: </pre>
1.1.1.2 misho 185: In this case the result is always a complete match because that is found first,
186: and matching never continues after finding a complete match. It might be easier
187: to follow this explanation by thinking of the two patterns like this:
1.1 misho 188: <pre>
189: /dog(sbody)?/ is the same as /dogsbody|dog/
190: /dog(sbody)??/ is the same as /dog|dogsbody/
191: </pre>
1.1.1.2 misho 192: The second pattern will never match "dogsbody", because it will always find the
193: shorter match first.
1.1 misho 194: </P>
1.1.1.2 misho 195: <br><a name="SEC3" href="#TOC1">PARTIAL MATCHING USING pcre_dfa_exec() OR pcre16_dfa_exec()</a><br>
1.1 misho 196: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 197: The DFA functions move along the subject string character by character, without
198: backtracking, searching for all possible matches simultaneously. If the end of
199: the subject is reached before the end of the pattern, there is the possibility
200: of a partial match, again provided that at least one character has been
201: inspected.
1.1 misho 202: </P>
203: <P>
204: When PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT is set, PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL is returned only if there
205: have been no complete matches. Otherwise, the complete matches are returned.
206: However, if PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set, a partial match takes precedence over any
207: complete matches. The portion of the string that was inspected when the longest
208: partial match was found is set as the first matching string, provided there are
209: at least two slots in the offsets vector.
210: </P>
211: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 212: Because the DFA functions always search for all possible matches, and there is
213: no difference between greedy and ungreedy repetition, their behaviour is
214: different from the standard functions when PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set. Consider
215: the string "dog" matched against the ungreedy pattern shown above:
1.1 misho 216: <pre>
217: /dog(sbody)??/
218: </pre>
1.1.1.2 misho 219: Whereas the standard functions stop as soon as they find the complete match for
220: "dog", the DFA functions also find the partial match for "dogsbody", and so
221: return that when PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD is set.
1.1 misho 222: </P>
223: <br><a name="SEC4" href="#TOC1">PARTIAL MATCHING AND WORD BOUNDARIES</a><br>
224: <P>
225: If a pattern ends with one of sequences \b or \B, which test for word
226: boundaries, partial matching with PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT can give counter-intuitive
227: results. Consider this pattern:
228: <pre>
229: /\bcat\b/
230: </pre>
231: This matches "cat", provided there is a word boundary at either end. If the
232: subject string is "the cat", the comparison of the final "t" with a following
1.1.1.2 misho 233: character cannot take place, so a partial match is found. However, normal
234: matching carries on, and \b matches at the end of the subject when the last
235: character is a letter, so a complete match is found. The result, therefore, is
236: <i>not</i> PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL. Using PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD in this case does yield
237: PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL, because then the partial match takes precedence.
1.1 misho 238: </P>
239: <br><a name="SEC5" href="#TOC1">FORMERLY RESTRICTED PATTERNS</a><br>
240: <P>
241: For releases of PCRE prior to 8.00, because of the way certain internal
242: optimizations were implemented in the <b>pcre_exec()</b> function, the
243: PCRE_PARTIAL option (predecessor of PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT) could not be used with
244: all patterns. From release 8.00 onwards, the restrictions no longer apply, and
1.1.1.2 misho 245: partial matching with can be requested for any pattern.
1.1 misho 246: </P>
247: <P>
248: Items that were formerly restricted were repeated single characters and
249: repeated metasequences. If PCRE_PARTIAL was set for a pattern that did not
250: conform to the restrictions, <b>pcre_exec()</b> returned the error code
251: PCRE_ERROR_BADPARTIAL (-13). This error code is no longer in use. The
252: PCRE_INFO_OKPARTIAL call to <b>pcre_fullinfo()</b> to find out if a compiled
253: pattern can be used for partial matching now always returns 1.
254: </P>
255: <br><a name="SEC6" href="#TOC1">EXAMPLE OF PARTIAL MATCHING USING PCRETEST</a><br>
256: <P>
257: If the escape sequence \P is present in a <b>pcretest</b> data line, the
258: PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT option is used for the match. Here is a run of <b>pcretest</b>
259: that uses the date example quoted above:
260: <pre>
261: re> /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
262: data> 25jun04\P
263: 0: 25jun04
264: 1: jun
265: data> 25dec3\P
266: Partial match: 23dec3
267: data> 3ju\P
268: Partial match: 3ju
269: data> 3juj\P
270: No match
271: data> j\P
272: No match
273: </pre>
274: The first data string is matched completely, so <b>pcretest</b> shows the
275: matched substrings. The remaining four strings do not match the complete
276: pattern, but the first two are partial matches. Similar output is obtained
1.1.1.2 misho 277: if DFA matching is used.
1.1 misho 278: </P>
279: <P>
280: If the escape sequence \P is present more than once in a <b>pcretest</b> data
281: line, the PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD option is set for the match.
282: </P>
1.1.1.2 misho 283: <br><a name="SEC7" href="#TOC1">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_dfa_exec() OR pcre16_dfa_exec()</a><br>
1.1 misho 284: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 285: When a partial match has been found using a DFA matching function, it is
286: possible to continue the match by providing additional subject data and calling
287: the function again with the same compiled regular expression, this time setting
288: the PCRE_DFA_RESTART option. You must pass the same working space as before,
289: because this is where details of the previous partial match are stored. Here is
290: an example using <b>pcretest</b>, using the \R escape sequence to set the
291: PCRE_DFA_RESTART option (\D specifies the use of the DFA matching function):
1.1 misho 292: <pre>
293: re> /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
294: data> 23ja\P\D
295: Partial match: 23ja
296: data> n05\R\D
297: 0: n05
298: </pre>
299: The first call has "23ja" as the subject, and requests partial matching; the
300: second call has "n05" as the subject for the continued (restarted) match.
301: Notice that when the match is complete, only the last part is shown; PCRE does
302: not retain the previously partially-matched string. It is up to the calling
303: program to do that if it needs to.
304: </P>
305: <P>
306: You can set the PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT or PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD options with
307: PCRE_DFA_RESTART to continue partial matching over multiple segments. This
1.1.1.2 misho 308: facility can be used to pass very long subject strings to the DFA matching
309: functions.
310: </P>
311: <br><a name="SEC8" href="#TOC1">MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING WITH pcre_exec() OR pcre16_exec()</a><br>
312: <P>
313: From release 8.00, the standard matching functions can also be used to do
314: multi-segment matching. Unlike the DFA functions, it is not possible to
315: restart the previous match with a new segment of data. Instead, new data must
316: be added to the previous subject string, and the entire match re-run, starting
317: from the point where the partial match occurred. Earlier data can be discarded.
1.1 misho 318: </P>
319: <P>
1.1.1.2 misho 320: It is best to use PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD in this situation, because it does not
321: treat the end of a segment as the end of the subject when matching \z, \Z,
322: \b, \B, and $. Consider an unanchored pattern that matches dates:
1.1 misho 323: <pre>
324: re> /\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d/
325: data> The date is 23ja\P\P
326: Partial match: 23ja
327: </pre>
328: At this stage, an application could discard the text preceding "23ja", add on
1.1.1.2 misho 329: text from the next segment, and call the matching function again. Unlike the
1.1.1.3 ! misho 330: DFA matching functions, the entire matching string must always be available,
! 331: and the complete matching process occurs for each call, so more memory and more
1.1 misho 332: processing time is needed.
333: </P>
334: <P>
335: <b>Note:</b> If the pattern contains lookbehind assertions, or \K, or starts
1.1.1.2 misho 336: with \b or \B, the string that is returned for a partial match includes
1.1 misho 337: characters that precede the partially matched string itself, because these must
338: be retained when adding on more characters for a subsequent matching attempt.
1.1.1.3 ! misho 339: However, in some cases you may need to retain even earlier characters, as
! 340: discussed in the next section.
1.1 misho 341: </P>
342: <br><a name="SEC9" href="#TOC1">ISSUES WITH MULTI-SEGMENT MATCHING</a><br>
343: <P>
344: Certain types of pattern may give problems with multi-segment matching,
345: whichever matching function is used.
346: </P>
347: <P>
348: 1. If the pattern contains a test for the beginning of a line, you need to pass
349: the PCRE_NOTBOL option when the subject string for any call does start at the
350: beginning of a line. There is also a PCRE_NOTEOL option, but in practice when
351: doing multi-segment matching you should be using PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, which
352: includes the effect of PCRE_NOTEOL.
353: </P>
354: <P>
1.1.1.3 ! misho 355: 2. Lookbehind assertions that have already been obeyed are catered for in the
! 356: offsets that are returned for a partial match. However a lookbehind assertion
! 357: later in the pattern could require even earlier characters to be inspected. You
! 358: can handle this case by using the PCRE_INFO_MAXLOOKBEHIND option of the
! 359: <b>pcre_fullinfo()</b> or <b>pcre16_fullinfo()</b> functions to obtain the length
! 360: of the largest lookbehind in the pattern. This length is given in characters,
! 361: not bytes. If you always retain at least that many characters before the
! 362: partially matched string, all should be well. (Of course, near the start of the
! 363: subject, fewer characters may be present; in that case all characters should be
! 364: retained.)
! 365: </P>
! 366: <P>
! 367: 3. Because a partial match must always contain at least one character, what
! 368: might be considered a partial match of an empty string actually gives a "no
! 369: match" result. For example:
! 370: <pre>
! 371: re> /c(?<=abc)x/
! 372: data> ab\P
! 373: No match
! 374: </pre>
! 375: If the next segment begins "cx", a match should be found, but this will only
! 376: happen if characters from the previous segment are retained. For this reason, a
! 377: "no match" result should be interpreted as "partial match of an empty string"
! 378: when the pattern contains lookbehinds.
1.1 misho 379: </P>
380: <P>
1.1.1.3 ! misho 381: 4. Matching a subject string that is split into multiple segments may not
1.1 misho 382: always produce exactly the same result as matching over one single long string,
383: especially when PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT is used. The section "Partial Matching and
384: Word Boundaries" above describes an issue that arises if the pattern ends with
385: \b or \B. Another kind of difference may occur when there are multiple
386: matching possibilities, because (for PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT) a partial match result
387: is given only when there are no completed matches. This means that as soon as
388: the shortest match has been found, continuation to a new subject segment is no
389: longer possible. Consider again this <b>pcretest</b> example:
390: <pre>
391: re> /dog(sbody)?/
392: data> dogsb\P
393: 0: dog
394: data> do\P\D
395: Partial match: do
396: data> gsb\R\P\D
397: 0: g
398: data> dogsbody\D
399: 0: dogsbody
400: 1: dog
401: </pre>
1.1.1.2 misho 402: The first data line passes the string "dogsb" to a standard matching function,
403: setting the PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT option. Although the string is a partial match
404: for "dogsbody", the result is not PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL, because the shorter
405: string "dog" is a complete match. Similarly, when the subject is presented to
406: a DFA matching function in several parts ("do" and "gsb" being the first two)
407: the match stops when "dog" has been found, and it is not possible to continue.
408: On the other hand, if "dogsbody" is presented as a single string, a DFA
409: matching function finds both matches.
1.1 misho 410: </P>
411: <P>
412: Because of these problems, it is best to use PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD when matching
413: multi-segment data. The example above then behaves differently:
414: <pre>
415: re> /dog(sbody)?/
416: data> dogsb\P\P
417: Partial match: dogsb
418: data> do\P\D
419: Partial match: do
420: data> gsb\R\P\P\D
421: Partial match: gsb
422: </pre>
1.1.1.3 ! misho 423: 5. Patterns that contain alternatives at the top level which do not all start
1.1.1.2 misho 424: with the same pattern item may not work as expected when PCRE_DFA_RESTART is
425: used. For example, consider this pattern:
1.1 misho 426: <pre>
427: 1234|3789
428: </pre>
429: If the first part of the subject is "ABC123", a partial match of the first
430: alternative is found at offset 3. There is no partial match for the second
431: alternative, because such a match does not start at the same point in the
432: subject string. Attempting to continue with the string "7890" does not yield a
433: match because only those alternatives that match at one point in the subject
434: are remembered. The problem arises because the start of the second alternative
435: matches within the first alternative. There is no problem with anchored
436: patterns or patterns such as:
437: <pre>
438: 1234|ABCD
439: </pre>
440: where no string can be a partial match for both alternatives. This is not a
1.1.1.2 misho 441: problem if a standard matching function is used, because the entire match has
442: to be rerun each time:
1.1 misho 443: <pre>
444: re> /1234|3789/
445: data> ABC123\P\P
446: Partial match: 123
447: data> 1237890
448: 0: 3789
449: </pre>
450: Of course, instead of using PCRE_DFA_RESTART, the same technique of re-running
1.1.1.2 misho 451: the entire match can also be used with the DFA matching functions. Another
1.1 misho 452: possibility is to work with two buffers. If a partial match at offset <i>n</i>
453: in the first buffer is followed by "no match" when PCRE_DFA_RESTART is used on
454: the second buffer, you can then try a new match starting at offset <i>n+1</i> in
455: the first buffer.
456: </P>
457: <br><a name="SEC10" href="#TOC1">AUTHOR</a><br>
458: <P>
459: Philip Hazel
460: <br>
461: University Computing Service
462: <br>
463: Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
464: <br>
465: </P>
466: <br><a name="SEC11" href="#TOC1">REVISION</a><br>
467: <P>
1.1.1.3 ! misho 468: Last updated: 24 February 2012
1.1 misho 469: <br>
1.1.1.2 misho 470: Copyright © 1997-2012 University of Cambridge.
1.1 misho 471: <br>
472: <p>
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474: </p>
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