embedaddon/pcre/doc/pcrepattern.3 - diff

Return to pcrepattern.3 CVS log

Up to [ELWIX - Embedded LightWeight unIX -] / embedaddon / pcre / doc

Diff for /embedaddon/pcre/doc/pcrepattern.3 between versions 1.1 and 1.1.1.3

version 1.1, 2012/02/21 23:05:52	version 1.1.1.3, 2012/10/09 09:19:17
Line 1	Line 1
.TH PCREPATTERN 3	.TH PCREPATTERN 3 "04 May 2012" "PCRE 8.31"
.SH NAME	.SH NAME
PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions	PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions
.SH "PCRE REGULAR EXPRESSION DETAILS"	.SH "PCRE REGULAR EXPRESSION DETAILS"
Line 21 published by O'Reilly, covers regular expressions in g	Line 21 published by O'Reilly, covers regular expressions in g
description of PCRE's regular expressions is intended as reference material.	description of PCRE's regular expressions is intended as reference material.
.P	.P
The original operation of PCRE was on strings of one-byte characters. However,	The original operation of PCRE was on strings of one-byte characters. However,
there is now also support for UTF-8 character strings. To use this,	there is now also support for UTF-8 strings in the original library, and a
PCRE must be built to include UTF-8 support, and you must call	second library that supports 16-bit and UTF-16 character strings. To use these
\fBpcre_compile()\fP or \fBpcre_compile2()\fP with the PCRE_UTF8 option. There	features, PCRE must be built to include appropriate support. When using UTF
is also a special sequence that can be given at the start of a pattern:	strings you must either call the compiling function with the PCRE_UTF8 or
	PCRE_UTF16 option, or the pattern must start with one of these special
	sequences:
.sp	.sp
(*UTF8)	(*UTF8)
	(*UTF16)
.sp	.sp
Starting a pattern with this sequence is equivalent to setting the PCRE_UTF8	Starting a pattern with such a sequence is equivalent to setting the relevant
option. This feature is not Perl-compatible. How setting UTF-8 mode affects	option. This feature is not Perl-compatible. How setting a UTF mode affects
pattern matching is mentioned in several places below. There is also a summary	pattern matching is mentioned in several places below. There is also a summary
of UTF-8 features in the	of features in the
.\" HREF	.\" HREF
\fBpcreunicode\fP	\fBpcreunicode\fP
.\"	.\"
page.	page.
.P	.P
Another special sequence that may appear at the start of a pattern or in	Another special sequence that may appear at the start of a pattern or in
combination with (*UTF8) is:	combination with (UTF8) or (UTF16) is:
.sp	.sp
(*UCP)	(*UCP)
.sp	.sp
Line 53 also some more of these special sequences that are con	Line 56 also some more of these special sequences that are con
of newlines; they are described below.	of newlines; they are described below.
.P	.P
The remainder of this document discusses the patterns that are supported by	The remainder of this document discusses the patterns that are supported by
PCRE when its main matching function, \fBpcre_exec()\fP, is used.	PCRE when one its main matching functions, \fBpcre_exec()\fP (8-bit) or
From release 6.0, PCRE offers a second matching function,	\fBpcre16_exec()\fP (16-bit), is used. PCRE also has alternative matching
\fBpcre_dfa_exec()\fP, which matches using a different algorithm that is not	functions, \fBpcre_dfa_exec()\fP and \fBpcre16_dfa_exec()\fP, which match using
Perl-compatible. Some of the features discussed below are not available when	a different algorithm that is not Perl-compatible. Some of the features
\fBpcre_dfa_exec()\fP is used. The advantages and disadvantages of the	discussed below are not available when DFA matching is used. The advantages and
alternative function, and how it differs from the normal function, are	disadvantages of the alternative functions, and how they differ from the normal
discussed in the	functions, are discussed in the
.\" HREF	.\" HREF
\fBpcrematching\fP	\fBpcrematching\fP
.\"	.\"
Line 94 string with one of the following five sequences:	Line 97 string with one of the following five sequences:
(*ANYCRLF) any of the three above	(*ANYCRLF) any of the three above
(*ANY) all Unicode newline sequences	(*ANY) all Unicode newline sequences
.sp	.sp
These override the default and the options given to \fBpcre_compile()\fP or	These override the default and the options given to the compiling function. For
\fBpcre_compile2()\fP. For example, on a Unix system where LF is the default	example, on a Unix system where LF is the default newline sequence, the pattern
newline sequence, the pattern
.sp	.sp
(*CR)a.b	(*CR)a.b
.sp	.sp
Line 130 corresponding characters in the subject. As a trivial	Line 132 corresponding characters in the subject. As a trivial
.sp	.sp
matches a portion of a subject string that is identical to itself. When	matches a portion of a subject string that is identical to itself. When
caseless matching is specified (the PCRE_CASELESS option), letters are matched	caseless matching is specified (the PCRE_CASELESS option), letters are matched
independently of case. In UTF-8 mode, PCRE always understands the concept of	independently of case. In a UTF mode, PCRE always understands the concept of
case for characters whose values are less than 128, so caseless matching is	case for characters whose values are less than 128, so caseless matching is
always possible. For characters with higher values, the concept of case is	always possible. For characters with higher values, the concept of case is
supported if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support, but not otherwise.	supported if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support, but not otherwise.
If you want to use caseless matching for characters 128 and above, you must	If you want to use caseless matching for characters 128 and above, you must
ensure that PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support as well as with	ensure that PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support as well as with
UTF-8 support.	UTF support.
.P	.P
The power of regular expressions comes from the ability to include alternatives	The power of regular expressions comes from the ability to include alternatives
and repetitions in the pattern. These are encoded in the pattern by the use of	and repetitions in the pattern. These are encoded in the pattern by the use of
Line 192 otherwise be interpreted as a metacharacter, so it is	Line 194 otherwise be interpreted as a metacharacter, so it is
non-alphanumeric with backslash to specify that it stands for itself. In	non-alphanumeric with backslash to specify that it stands for itself. In
particular, if you want to match a backslash, you write \e\e.	particular, if you want to match a backslash, you write \e\e.
.P	.P
In UTF-8 mode, only ASCII numbers and letters have any special meaning after a	In a UTF mode, only ASCII numbers and letters have any special meaning after a
backslash. All other characters (in particular, those whose codepoints are	backslash. All other characters (in particular, those whose codepoints are
greater than 127) are treated as literals.	greater than 127) are treated as literals.
.P	.P
If a pattern is compiled with the PCRE_EXTENDED option, whitespace in the	If a pattern is compiled with the PCRE_EXTENDED option, white space in the
pattern (other than in a character class) and characters between a # outside	pattern (other than in a character class) and characters between a # outside
a character class and the next newline are ignored. An escaping backslash can	a character class and the next newline are ignored. An escaping backslash can
be used to include a whitespace or # character as part of the pattern.	be used to include a white space or # character as part of the pattern.
.P	.P
If you want to remove the special meaning from a sequence of characters, you	If you want to remove the special meaning from a sequence of characters, you
can do so by putting them between \eQ and \eE. This is different from Perl in	can do so by putting them between \eQ and \eE. This is different from Perl in
Line 235 one of the following escape sequences than the binary	Line 237 one of the following escape sequences than the binary
\ea alarm, that is, the BEL character (hex 07)	\ea alarm, that is, the BEL character (hex 07)
\ecx "control-x", where x is any ASCII character	\ecx "control-x", where x is any ASCII character
\ee escape (hex 1B)	\ee escape (hex 1B)
\ef formfeed (hex 0C)	\ef form feed (hex 0C)
\en linefeed (hex 0A)	\en linefeed (hex 0A)
\er carriage return (hex 0D)	\er carriage return (hex 0D)
\et tab (hex 09)	\et tab (hex 09)
Line 249 is converted to upper case. Then bit 6 of the characte	Line 251 is converted to upper case. Then bit 6 of the characte
Thus \ecz becomes hex 1A (z is 7A), but \ec{ becomes hex 3B ({ is 7B), while	Thus \ecz becomes hex 1A (z is 7A), but \ec{ becomes hex 3B ({ is 7B), while
\ec; becomes hex 7B (; is 3B). If the byte following \ec has a value greater	\ec; becomes hex 7B (; is 3B). If the byte following \ec has a value greater
than 127, a compile-time error occurs. This locks out non-ASCII characters in	than 127, a compile-time error occurs. This locks out non-ASCII characters in
both byte mode and UTF-8 mode. (When PCRE is compiled in EBCDIC mode, all byte	all modes. (When PCRE is compiled in EBCDIC mode, all byte values are valid. A
values are valid. A lower case letter is converted to upper case, and then the	lower case letter is converted to upper case, and then the 0xc0 bits are
0xc0 bits are flipped.)	flipped.)
.P	.P
By default, after \ex, from zero to two hexadecimal digits are read (letters	By default, after \ex, from zero to two hexadecimal digits are read (letters
can be in upper or lower case). Any number of hexadecimal digits may appear	can be in upper or lower case). Any number of hexadecimal digits may appear
between \ex{ and }, but the value of the character code must be less than 256	between \ex{ and }, but the character code is constrained as follows:
in non-UTF-8 mode, and less than 2**31 in UTF-8 mode. That is, the maximum	.sp
value in hexadecimal is 7FFFFFFF. Note that this is bigger than the largest	8-bit non-UTF mode less than 0x100
Unicode code point, which is 10FFFF.	8-bit UTF-8 mode less than 0x10ffff and a valid codepoint
	16-bit non-UTF mode less than 0x10000
	16-bit UTF-16 mode less than 0x10ffff and a valid codepoint
	.sp
	Invalid Unicode codepoints are the range 0xd800 to 0xdfff (the so-called
	"surrogate" codepoints).
.P	.P
If characters other than hexadecimal digits appear between \ex{ and }, or if	If characters other than hexadecimal digits appear between \ex{ and }, or if
there is no terminating }, this form of escape is not recognized. Instead, the	there is no terminating }, this form of escape is not recognized. Instead, the
Line 270 as just described only when it is followed by two hexa	Line 277 as just described only when it is followed by two hexa
Otherwise, it matches a literal "x" character. In JavaScript mode, support for	Otherwise, it matches a literal "x" character. In JavaScript mode, support for
code points greater than 256 is provided by \eu, which must be followed by	code points greater than 256 is provided by \eu, which must be followed by
four hexadecimal digits; otherwise it matches a literal "u" character.	four hexadecimal digits; otherwise it matches a literal "u" character.
	Character codes specified by \eu in JavaScript mode are constrained in the same
	was as those specified by \ex in non-JavaScript mode.
.P	.P
Characters whose value is less than 256 can be defined by either of the two	Characters whose value is less than 256 can be defined by either of the two
syntaxes for \ex (or by \eu in JavaScript mode). There is no difference in the	syntaxes for \ex (or by \eu in JavaScript mode). There is no difference in the
Line 300 parenthesized subpatterns.	Line 309 parenthesized subpatterns.
Inside a character class, or if the decimal number is greater than 9 and there	Inside a character class, or if the decimal number is greater than 9 and there
have not been that many capturing subpatterns, PCRE re-reads up to three octal	have not been that many capturing subpatterns, PCRE re-reads up to three octal
digits following the backslash, and uses them to generate a data character. Any	digits following the backslash, and uses them to generate a data character. Any
subsequent digits stand for themselves. In non-UTF-8 mode, the value of a	subsequent digits stand for themselves. The value of the character is
character specified in octal must be less than \e400. In UTF-8 mode, values up	constrained in the same way as characters specified in hexadecimal.
to \e777 are permitted. For example:	For example:
.sp	.sp
\e040 is another way of writing a space	\e040 is another way of writing a space
.\" JOIN	.\" JOIN
Line 319 to \e777 are permitted. For example:	Line 328 to \e777 are permitted. For example:
character with octal code 113	character with octal code 113
.\" JOIN	.\" JOIN
\e377 might be a back reference, otherwise	\e377 might be a back reference, otherwise
the byte consisting entirely of 1 bits	the value 255 (decimal)
.\" JOIN	.\" JOIN
\e81 is either a back reference, or a binary zero	\e81 is either a back reference, or a binary zero
followed by the two characters "8" and "1"	followed by the two characters "8" and "1"
Line 392 Another use of backslash is for specifying generic cha	Line 401 Another use of backslash is for specifying generic cha
.sp	.sp
\ed any decimal digit	\ed any decimal digit
\eD any character that is not a decimal digit	\eD any character that is not a decimal digit
\eh any horizontal whitespace character	\eh any horizontal white space character
\eH any character that is not a horizontal whitespace character	\eH any character that is not a horizontal white space character
\es any whitespace character	\es any white space character
\eS any character that is not a whitespace character	\eS any character that is not a white space character
\ev any vertical whitespace character	\ev any vertical white space character
\eV any character that is not a vertical whitespace character	\eV any character that is not a vertical white space character
\ew any "word" character	\ew any "word" character
\eW any "non-word" character	\eW any "non-word" character
.sp	.sp
Line 440 or "french" in Windows, some character codes greater t	Line 449 or "french" in Windows, some character codes greater t
accented letters, and these are then matched by \ew. The use of locales with	accented letters, and these are then matched by \ew. The use of locales with
Unicode is discouraged.	Unicode is discouraged.
.P	.P
By default, in UTF-8 mode, characters with values greater than 128 never match	By default, in a UTF mode, characters with values greater than 128 never match
\ed, \es, or \ew, and always match \eD, \eS, and \eW. These sequences retain	\ed, \es, or \ew, and always match \eD, \eS, and \eW. These sequences retain
their original meanings from before UTF-8 support was available, mainly for	their original meanings from before UTF support was available, mainly for
efficiency reasons. However, if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support,	efficiency reasons. However, if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support,
and the PCRE_UCP option is set, the behaviour is changed so that Unicode	and the PCRE_UCP option is set, the behaviour is changed so that Unicode
properties are used to determine character types, as follows:	properties are used to determine character types, as follows:
Line 459 is noticeably slower when PCRE_UCP is set.	Line 468 is noticeably slower when PCRE_UCP is set.
.P	.P
The sequences \eh, \eH, \ev, and \eV are features that were added to Perl at	The sequences \eh, \eH, \ev, and \eV are features that were added to Perl at
release 5.10. In contrast to the other sequences, which match only ASCII	release 5.10. In contrast to the other sequences, which match only ASCII
characters by default, these always match certain high-valued codepoints in	characters by default, these always match certain high-valued codepoints,
UTF-8 mode, whether or not PCRE_UCP is set. The horizontal space characters	whether or not PCRE_UCP is set. The horizontal space characters are:
are:
.sp	.sp
U+0009 Horizontal tab	U+0009 Horizontal tab
U+0020 Space	U+0020 Space
Line 487 The vertical space characters are:	Line 495 The vertical space characters are:
.sp	.sp
U+000A Linefeed	U+000A Linefeed
U+000B Vertical tab	U+000B Vertical tab
U+000C Formfeed	U+000C Form feed
U+000D Carriage return	U+000D Carriage return
U+0085 Next line	U+0085 Next line
U+2028 Line separator	U+2028 Line separator
U+2029 Paragraph separator	U+2029 Paragraph separator
	.sp
	In 8-bit, non-UTF-8 mode, only the characters with codepoints less than 256 are
	relevant.
.	.
.	.
.\" HTML <a name="newlineseq"></a>	.\" HTML <a name="newlineseq"></a>
Line 499 The vertical space characters are:	Line 510 The vertical space characters are:
.rs	.rs
.sp	.sp
Outside a character class, by default, the escape sequence \eR matches any	Outside a character class, by default, the escape sequence \eR matches any
Unicode newline sequence. In non-UTF-8 mode \eR is equivalent to the following:	Unicode newline sequence. In 8-bit non-UTF-8 mode \eR is equivalent to the
	following:
.sp	.sp
(?>\er\en\|\en\|\ex0b\|\ef\|\er\|\ex85)	(?>\er\en\|\en\|\ex0b\|\ef\|\er\|\ex85)
.sp	.sp
Line 510 below.	Line 522 below.
.\"	.\"
This particular group matches either the two-character sequence CR followed by	This particular group matches either the two-character sequence CR followed by
LF, or one of the single characters LF (linefeed, U+000A), VT (vertical tab,	LF, or one of the single characters LF (linefeed, U+000A), VT (vertical tab,
U+000B), FF (formfeed, U+000C), CR (carriage return, U+000D), or NEL (next	U+000B), FF (form feed, U+000C), CR (carriage return, U+000D), or NEL (next
line, U+0085). The two-character sequence is treated as a single unit that	line, U+0085). The two-character sequence is treated as a single unit that
cannot be split.	cannot be split.
.P	.P
In UTF-8 mode, two additional characters whose codepoints are greater than 255	In other modes, two additional characters whose codepoints are greater than 255
are added: LS (line separator, U+2028) and PS (paragraph separator, U+2029).	are added: LS (line separator, U+2028) and PS (paragraph separator, U+2029).
Unicode character property support is not needed for these characters to be	Unicode character property support is not needed for these characters to be
recognized.	recognized.
Line 530 one of the following sequences:	Line 542 one of the following sequences:
(*BSR_ANYCRLF) CR, LF, or CRLF only	(*BSR_ANYCRLF) CR, LF, or CRLF only
(*BSR_UNICODE) any Unicode newline sequence	(*BSR_UNICODE) any Unicode newline sequence
.sp	.sp
These override the default and the options given to \fBpcre_compile()\fP or	These override the default and the options given to the compiling function, but
\fBpcre_compile2()\fP, but they can be overridden by options given to	they can themselves be overridden by options given to a matching function. Note
\fBpcre_exec()\fP or \fBpcre_dfa_exec()\fP. Note that these special settings,	that these special settings, which are not Perl-compatible, are recognized only
which are not Perl-compatible, are recognized only at the very start of a	at the very start of a pattern, and that they must be in upper case. If more
pattern, and that they must be in upper case. If more than one of them is	than one of them is present, the last one is used. They can be combined with a
present, the last one is used. They can be combined with a change of newline	change of newline convention; for example, a pattern can start with:
convention; for example, a pattern can start with:
.sp	.sp
(ANY)(BSR_ANYCRLF)	(ANY)(BSR_ANYCRLF)
.sp	.sp
They can also be combined with the (UTF8) or (UCP) special sequences. Inside	They can also be combined with the (UTF8), (UTF16), or (*UCP) special
a character class, \eR is treated as an unrecognized escape sequence, and so	sequences. Inside a character class, \eR is treated as an unrecognized escape
matches the letter "R" by default, but causes an error if PCRE_EXTRA is set.	sequence, and so matches the letter "R" by default, but causes an error if
	PCRE_EXTRA is set.
.	.
.	.
.\" HTML <a name="uniextseq"></a>	.\" HTML <a name="uniextseq"></a>
Line 551 matches the letter "R" by default, but causes an error	Line 563 matches the letter "R" by default, but causes an error
.sp	.sp
When PCRE is built with Unicode character property support, three additional	When PCRE is built with Unicode character property support, three additional
escape sequences that match characters with specific properties are available.	escape sequences that match characters with specific properties are available.
When not in UTF-8 mode, these sequences are of course limited to testing	When in 8-bit non-UTF-8 mode, these sequences are of course limited to testing
characters whose codepoints are less than 256, but they do work in this mode.	characters whose codepoints are less than 256, but they do work in this mode.
The extra escape sequences are:	The extra escape sequences are:
.sp	.sp
Line 586 Armenian,	Line 598 Armenian,
Avestan,	Avestan,
Balinese,	Balinese,
Bamum,	Bamum,
	Batak,
Bengali,	Bengali,
Bopomofo,	Bopomofo,
	Brahmi,
Braille,	Braille,
Buginese,	Buginese,
Buhid,	Buhid,
Canadian_Aboriginal,	Canadian_Aboriginal,
Carian,	Carian,
	Chakma,
Cham,	Cham,
Cherokee,	Cherokee,
Common,	Common,
Line 635 Lisu,	Line 650 Lisu,
Lycian,	Lycian,
Lydian,	Lydian,
Malayalam,	Malayalam,
	Mandaic,
Meetei_Mayek,	Meetei_Mayek,
	Meroitic_Cursive,
	Meroitic_Hieroglyphs,
	Miao,
Mongolian,	Mongolian,
Myanmar,	Myanmar,
New_Tai_Lue,	New_Tai_Lue,
Line 654 Rejang,	Line 673 Rejang,
Runic,	Runic,
Samaritan,	Samaritan,
Saurashtra,	Saurashtra,
	Sharada,
Shavian,	Shavian,
Sinhala,	Sinhala,
	Sora_Sompeng,
Sundanese,	Sundanese,
Syloti_Nagri,	Syloti_Nagri,
Syriac,	Syriac,
Line 664 Tagbanwa,	Line 685 Tagbanwa,
Tai_Le,	Tai_Le,
Tai_Tham,	Tai_Tham,
Tai_Viet,	Tai_Viet,
	Takri,
Tamil,	Tamil,
Telugu,	Telugu,
Thaana,	Thaana,
Line 738 the Lu, Ll, or Lt property, in other words, a letter t	Line 760 the Lu, Ll, or Lt property, in other words, a letter t
a modifier or "other".	a modifier or "other".
.P	.P
The Cs (Surrogate) property applies only to characters in the range U+D800 to	The Cs (Surrogate) property applies only to characters in the range U+D800 to
U+DFFF. Such characters are not valid in UTF-8 strings (see RFC 3629) and so	U+DFFF. Such characters are not valid in Unicode strings and so
cannot be tested by PCRE, unless UTF-8 validity checking has been turned off	cannot be tested by PCRE, unless UTF validity checking has been turned off
(see the discussion of PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK in the	(see the discussion of PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK and PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK in the
.\" HREF	.\" HREF
\fBpcreapi\fP	\fBpcreapi\fP
.\"	.\"
Line 771 atomic group	Line 793 atomic group
.\"	.\"
Characters with the "mark" property are typically accents that affect the	Characters with the "mark" property are typically accents that affect the
preceding character. None of them have codepoints less than 256, so in	preceding character. None of them have codepoints less than 256, so in
non-UTF-8 mode \eX matches any one character.	8-bit non-UTF-8 mode \eX matches any one character.
.P	.P
Note that recent versions of Perl have changed \eX to match what Unicode calls	Note that recent versions of Perl have changed \eX to match what Unicode calls
an "extended grapheme cluster", which has a more complicated definition.	an "extended grapheme cluster", which has a more complicated definition.
Line 780 Matching characters by Unicode property is not fast, b	Line 802 Matching characters by Unicode property is not fast, b
a structure that contains data for over fifteen thousand characters. That is	a structure that contains data for over fifteen thousand characters. That is
why the traditional escape sequences such as \ed and \ew do not use Unicode	why the traditional escape sequences such as \ed and \ew do not use Unicode
properties in PCRE by default, though you can make them do so by setting the	properties in PCRE by default, though you can make them do so by setting the
PCRE_UCP option for \fBpcre_compile()\fP or by starting the pattern with	PCRE_UCP option or by starting the pattern with (*UCP).
(*UCP).
.	.
.	.
.\" HTML <a name="extraprops"></a>	.\" HTML <a name="extraprops"></a>
Line 800 PCRE_UCP is set. They are:	Line 821 PCRE_UCP is set. They are:
Xwd Any Perl "word" character	Xwd Any Perl "word" character
.sp	.sp
Xan matches characters that have either the L (letter) or the N (number)	Xan matches characters that have either the L (letter) or the N (number)
property. Xps matches the characters tab, linefeed, vertical tab, formfeed, or	property. Xps matches the characters tab, linefeed, vertical tab, form feed, or
carriage return, and any other character that has the Z (separator) property.	carriage return, and any other character that has the Z (separator) property.
Xsp is the same as Xps, except that vertical tab is excluded. Xwd matches the	Xsp is the same as Xps, except that vertical tab is excluded. Xwd matches the
same characters as Xan, plus underscore.	same characters as Xan, plus underscore.
Line 870 escape sequence" error is generated instead.	Line 891 escape sequence" error is generated instead.
A word boundary is a position in the subject string where the current character	A word boundary is a position in the subject string where the current character
and the previous character do not both match \ew or \eW (i.e. one matches	and the previous character do not both match \ew or \eW (i.e. one matches
\ew and the other matches \eW), or the start or end of the string if the	\ew and the other matches \eW), or the start or end of the string if the
first or last character matches \ew, respectively. In UTF-8 mode, the meanings	first or last character matches \ew, respectively. In a UTF mode, the meanings
of \ew and \eW can be changed by setting the PCRE_UCP option. When this is	of \ew and \eW can be changed by setting the PCRE_UCP option. When this is
done, it also affects \eb and \eB. Neither PCRE nor Perl has a separate "start	done, it also affects \eb and \eB. Neither PCRE nor Perl has a separate "start
of word" or "end of word" metasequence. However, whatever follows \eb normally	of word" or "end of word" metasequence. However, whatever follows \eb normally
Line 965 end of the subject in both modes, and if all branches	Line 986 end of the subject in both modes, and if all branches
.sp	.sp
Outside a character class, a dot in the pattern matches any one character in	Outside a character class, a dot in the pattern matches any one character in
the subject string except (by default) a character that signifies the end of a	the subject string except (by default) a character that signifies the end of a
line. In UTF-8 mode, the matched character may be more than one byte long.	line.
.P	.P
When a line ending is defined as a single character, dot never matches that	When a line ending is defined as a single character, dot never matches that
character; when the two-character sequence CRLF is used, dot does not match CR	character; when the two-character sequence CRLF is used, dot does not match CR
Line 989 that signifies the end of a line. Perl also uses \eN t	Line 1010 that signifies the end of a line. Perl also uses \eN t
name; PCRE does not support this.	name; PCRE does not support this.
.	.
.	.
.SH "MATCHING A SINGLE BYTE"	.SH "MATCHING A SINGLE DATA UNIT"
.rs	.rs
.sp	.sp
Outside a character class, the escape sequence \eC matches any one byte, both	Outside a character class, the escape sequence \eC matches any one data unit,
in and out of UTF-8 mode. Unlike a dot, it always matches line-ending	whether or not a UTF mode is set. In the 8-bit library, one data unit is one
characters. The feature is provided in Perl in order to match individual bytes	byte; in the 16-bit library it is a 16-bit unit. Unlike a dot, \eC always
in UTF-8 mode, but it is unclear how it can usefully be used. Because \eC	matches line-ending characters. The feature is provided in Perl in order to
breaks up characters into individual bytes, matching one byte with \eC in UTF-8	match individual bytes in UTF-8 mode, but it is unclear how it can usefully be
mode means that the rest of the string may start with a malformed UTF-8	used. Because \eC breaks up characters into individual data units, matching one
character. This has undefined results, because PCRE assumes that it is dealing	unit with \eC in a UTF mode means that the rest of the string may start with a
with valid UTF-8 strings (and by default it checks this at the start of	malformed UTF character. This has undefined results, because PCRE assumes that
processing unless the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK option is used).	it is dealing with valid UTF strings (and by default it checks this at the
	start of processing unless the PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK or PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK option
	is used).
.P	.P
PCRE does not allow \eC to appear in lookbehind assertions	PCRE does not allow \eC to appear in lookbehind assertions
.\" HTML <a href="#lookbehind">	.\" HTML <a href="#lookbehind">
.\" </a>	.\" </a>
(described below)	(described below)
.\"	.\"
in UTF-8 mode, because this would make it impossible to calculate the length of	in a UTF mode, because this would make it impossible to calculate the length of
the lookbehind.	the lookbehind.
.P	.P
In general, the \eC escape sequence is best avoided in UTF-8 mode. However, one	In general, the \eC escape sequence is best avoided. However, one
way of using it that avoids the problem of malformed UTF-8 characters is to	way of using it that avoids the problem of malformed UTF characters is to use a
use a lookahead to check the length of the next character, as in this pattern	lookahead to check the length of the next character, as in this pattern, which
(ignore white space and line breaks):	could be used with a UTF-8 string (ignore white space and line breaks):
.sp	.sp
(?\| (?=[\ex00-\ex7f])(\eC) \|	(?\| (?=[\ex00-\ex7f])(\eC) \|
(?=[\ex80-\ex{7ff}])(\eC)(\eC) \|	(?=[\ex80-\ex{7ff}])(\eC)(\eC) \|
Line 1043 bracket causes a compile-time error. If a closing squa	Line 1066 bracket causes a compile-time error. If a closing squa
a member of the class, it should be the first data character in the class	a member of the class, it should be the first data character in the class
(after an initial circumflex, if present) or escaped with a backslash.	(after an initial circumflex, if present) or escaped with a backslash.
.P	.P
A character class matches a single character in the subject. In UTF-8 mode, the	A character class matches a single character in the subject. In a UTF mode, the
character may be more than one byte long. A matched character must be in the	character may be more than one data unit long. A matched character must be in
set of characters defined by the class, unless the first character in the class	the set of characters defined by the class, unless the first character in the
definition is a circumflex, in which case the subject character must not be in	class definition is a circumflex, in which case the subject character must not
the set defined by the class. If a circumflex is actually required as a member	be in the set defined by the class. If a circumflex is actually required as a
of the class, ensure it is not the first character, or escape it with a	member of the class, ensure it is not the first character, or escape it with a
backslash.	backslash.
.P	.P
For example, the character class [aeiou] matches any lower case vowel, while	For example, the character class [aeiou] matches any lower case vowel, while
Line 1059 circumflex is not an assertion; it still consumes a ch	Line 1082 circumflex is not an assertion; it still consumes a ch
string, and therefore it fails if the current pointer is at the end of the	string, and therefore it fails if the current pointer is at the end of the
string.	string.
.P	.P
In UTF-8 mode, characters with values greater than 255 can be included in a	In UTF-8 (UTF-16) mode, characters with values greater than 255 (0xffff) can be
class as a literal string of bytes, or by using the \ex{ escaping mechanism.	included in a class as a literal string of data units, or by using the \ex{
	escaping mechanism.
.P	.P
When caseless matching is set, any letters in a class represent both their	When caseless matching is set, any letters in a class represent both their
upper case and lower case versions, so for example, a caseless [aeiou] matches	upper case and lower case versions, so for example, a caseless [aeiou] matches
"A" as well as "a", and a caseless [^aeiou] does not match "A", whereas a	"A" as well as "a", and a caseless [^aeiou] does not match "A", whereas a
caseful version would. In UTF-8 mode, PCRE always understands the concept of	caseful version would. In a UTF mode, PCRE always understands the concept of
case for characters whose values are less than 128, so caseless matching is	case for characters whose values are less than 128, so caseless matching is
always possible. For characters with higher values, the concept of case is	always possible. For characters with higher values, the concept of case is
supported if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support, but not otherwise.	supported if PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support, but not otherwise.
If you want to use caseless matching in UTF8-mode for characters 128 and above,	If you want to use caseless matching in a UTF mode for characters 128 and
you must ensure that PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support as well as	above, you must ensure that PCRE is compiled with Unicode property support as
with UTF-8 support.	well as with UTF support.
.P	.P
Characters that might indicate line breaks are never treated in any special way	Characters that might indicate line breaks are never treated in any special way
when matching character classes, whatever line-ending sequence is in use, and	when matching character classes, whatever line-ending sequence is in use, and
Line 1093 followed by two other characters. The octal or hexadec	Line 1117 followed by two other characters. The octal or hexadec
"]" can also be used to end a range.	"]" can also be used to end a range.
.P	.P
Ranges operate in the collating sequence of character values. They can also be	Ranges operate in the collating sequence of character values. They can also be
used for characters specified numerically, for example [\e000-\e037]. In UTF-8	used for characters specified numerically, for example [\e000-\e037]. Ranges
mode, ranges can include characters whose values are greater than 255, for	can include any characters that are valid for the current mode.
example [\ex{100}-\ex{2ff}].
.P	.P
If a range that includes letters is used when caseless matching is set, it	If a range that includes letters is used when caseless matching is set, it
matches the letters in either case. For example, [W-c] is equivalent to	matches the letters in either case. For example, [W-c] is equivalent to
[][\e\e^_`wxyzabc], matched caselessly, and in non-UTF-8 mode, if character	[][\e\e^_`wxyzabc], matched caselessly, and in a non-UTF mode, if character
tables for a French locale are in use, [\exc8-\excb] matches accented E	tables for a French locale are in use, [\exc8-\excb] matches accented E
characters in both cases. In UTF-8 mode, PCRE supports the concept of case for	characters in both cases. In UTF modes, PCRE supports the concept of case for
characters with values greater than 128 only when it is compiled with Unicode	characters with values greater than 128 only when it is compiled with Unicode
property support.	property support.
.P	.P
The character escape sequences \ed, \eD, \eh, \eH, \ep, \eP, \es, \eS, \ev,	The character escape sequences \ed, \eD, \eh, \eH, \ep, \eP, \es, \eS, \ev,
\eV, \ew, and \eW may appear in a character class, and add the characters that	\eV, \ew, and \eW may appear in a character class, and add the characters that
they match to the class. For example, [\edABCDEF] matches any hexadecimal	they match to the class. For example, [\edABCDEF] matches any hexadecimal
digit. In UTF-8 mode, the PCRE_UCP option affects the meanings of \ed, \es, \ew	digit. In UTF modes, the PCRE_UCP option affects the meanings of \ed, \es, \ew
and their upper case partners, just as it does when they appear outside a	and their upper case partners, just as it does when they appear outside a
character class, as described in the section entitled	character class, as described in the section entitled
.\" HTML <a href="#genericchartypes">	.\" HTML <a href="#genericchartypes">
Line 1178 matches "1", "2", or any non-digit. PCRE (and Perl) al	Line 1201 matches "1", "2", or any non-digit. PCRE (and Perl) al
syntax [.ch.] and [=ch=] where "ch" is a "collating element", but these are not	syntax [.ch.] and [=ch=] where "ch" is a "collating element", but these are not
supported, and an error is given if they are encountered.	supported, and an error is given if they are encountered.
.P	.P
By default, in UTF-8 mode, characters with values greater than 128 do not match	By default, in UTF modes, characters with values greater than 128 do not match
any of the POSIX character classes. However, if the PCRE_UCP option is passed	any of the POSIX character classes. However, if the PCRE_UCP option is passed
to \fBpcre_compile()\fP, some of the classes are changed so that Unicode	to \fBpcre_compile()\fP, some of the classes are changed so that Unicode
character properties are used. This is achieved by replacing the POSIX classes	character properties are used. This is achieved by replacing the POSIX classes
Line 1266 option settings happen at compile time. There would be	Line 1289 option settings happen at compile time. There would be
behaviour otherwise.	behaviour otherwise.
.P	.P
\fBNote:\fP There are other PCRE-specific options that can be set by the	\fBNote:\fP There are other PCRE-specific options that can be set by the
application when the compile or match functions are called. In some cases the	application when the compiling or matching functions are called. In some cases
pattern can contain special leading sequences such as (*CRLF) to override what	the pattern can contain special leading sequences such as (*CRLF) to override
the application has set or what has been defaulted. Details are given in the	what the application has set or what has been defaulted. Details are given in
section entitled	the section entitled
.\" HTML <a href="#newlineseq">	.\" HTML <a href="#newlineseq">
.\" </a>	.\" </a>
"Newline sequences"	"Newline sequences"
.\"	.\"
above. There are also the (UTF8) and (UCP) leading sequences that can be used	above. There are also the (UTF8), (UTF16), and (*UCP) leading sequences that
to set UTF-8 and Unicode property modes; they are equivalent to setting the	can be used to set UTF and Unicode property modes; they are equivalent to
PCRE_UTF8 and the PCRE_UCP options, respectively.	setting the PCRE_UTF8, PCRE_UTF16, and the PCRE_UCP options, respectively.
.	.
.	.
.\" HTML <a name="subpattern"></a>	.\" HTML <a name="subpattern"></a>
Line 1295 match "cataract", "erpillar" or an empty string.	Line 1318 match "cataract", "erpillar" or an empty string.
.sp	.sp
2. It sets up the subpattern as a capturing subpattern. This means that, when	2. It sets up the subpattern as a capturing subpattern. This means that, when
the whole pattern matches, that portion of the subject string that matched the	the whole pattern matches, that portion of the subject string that matched the
subpattern is passed back to the caller via the \fIovector\fP argument of	subpattern is passed back to the caller via the \fIovector\fP argument of the
\fBpcre_exec()\fP. Opening parentheses are counted from left to right (starting	matching function. (This applies only to the traditional matching functions;
from 1) to obtain numbers for the capturing subpatterns. For example, if the	the DFA matching functions do not support capturing.)
string "the red king" is matched against the pattern	.P
	Opening parentheses are counted from left to right (starting from 1) to obtain
	numbers for the capturing subpatterns. For example, if the string "the red
	king" is matched against the pattern
.sp	.sp
the ((red\|white) (king\|queen))	the ((red\|white) (king\|queen))
.sp	.sp
Line 1474 items:	Line 1500 items:
a literal data character	a literal data character
the dot metacharacter	the dot metacharacter
the \eC escape sequence	the \eC escape sequence
the \eX escape sequence (in UTF-8 mode with Unicode properties)	the \eX escape sequence
the \eR escape sequence	the \eR escape sequence
an escape such as \ed or \epL that matches a single character	an escape such as \ed or \epL that matches a single character
a character class	a character class
Line 1505 where a quantifier is not allowed, or one that does no	Line 1531 where a quantifier is not allowed, or one that does no
quantifier, is taken as a literal character. For example, {,6} is not a	quantifier, is taken as a literal character. For example, {,6} is not a
quantifier, but a literal string of four characters.	quantifier, but a literal string of four characters.
.P	.P
In UTF-8 mode, quantifiers apply to UTF-8 characters rather than to individual	In UTF modes, quantifiers apply to characters rather than to individual data
bytes. Thus, for example, \ex{100}{2} matches two UTF-8 characters, each of	units. Thus, for example, \ex{100}{2} matches two characters, each of
which is represented by a two-byte sequence. Similarly, when Unicode property	which is represented by a two-byte sequence in a UTF-8 string. Similarly,
support is available, \eX{3} matches three Unicode extended sequences, each of	\eX{3} matches three Unicode extended sequences, each of which may be several
which may be several bytes long (and they may be of different lengths).	data units long (and they may be of different lengths).
.P	.P
The quantifier {0} is permitted, causing the expression to behave as if the	The quantifier {0} is permitted, causing the expression to behave as if the
previous item and the quantifier were not present. This may be useful for	previous item and the quantifier were not present. This may be useful for
Line 1819 Because there may be many capturing parentheses in a p	Line 1845 Because there may be many capturing parentheses in a p
following a backslash are taken as part of a potential back reference number.	following a backslash are taken as part of a potential back reference number.
If the pattern continues with a digit character, some delimiter must be used to	If the pattern continues with a digit character, some delimiter must be used to
terminate the back reference. If the PCRE_EXTENDED option is set, this can be	terminate the back reference. If the PCRE_EXTENDED option is set, this can be
whitespace. Otherwise, the \eg{ syntax or an empty comment (see	white space. Otherwise, the \eg{ syntax or an empty comment (see
.\" HTML <a href="#comments">	.\" HTML <a href="#comments">
.\" </a>	.\" </a>
"Comments"	"Comments"
Line 1972 temporarily move the current position back by the fixe	Line 1998 temporarily move the current position back by the fixe
match. If there are insufficient characters before the current position, the	match. If there are insufficient characters before the current position, the
assertion fails.	assertion fails.
.P	.P
In UTF-8 mode, PCRE does not allow the \eC escape (which matches a single byte,	In a UTF mode, PCRE does not allow the \eC escape (which matches a single data
even in UTF-8 mode) to appear in lookbehind assertions, because it makes it	unit even in a UTF mode) to appear in lookbehind assertions, because it makes
impossible to calculate the length of the lookbehind. The \eX and \eR escapes,	it impossible to calculate the length of the lookbehind. The \eX and \eR
which can match different numbers of bytes, are also not permitted.	escapes, which can match different numbers of data units, are also not
	permitted.
.P	.P
.\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">	.\" HTML <a href="#subpatternsassubroutines">
.\" </a>	.\" </a>
Line 2175 subroutines that can be referenced from elsewhere. (Th	Line 2202 subroutines that can be referenced from elsewhere. (Th
subroutines	subroutines
.\"	.\"
is described below.) For example, a pattern to match an IPv4 address such as	is described below.) For example, a pattern to match an IPv4 address such as
"192.168.23.245" could be written like this (ignore whitespace and line	"192.168.23.245" could be written like this (ignore white space and line
breaks):	breaks):
.sp	.sp
(?(DEFINE) (?<byte> 2[0-4]\ed \| 25[0-5] \| 1\ed\ed \| [1-9]?\ed) )	(?(DEFINE) (?<byte> 2[0-4]\ed \| 25[0-5] \| 1\ed\ed \| [1-9]?\ed) )
Line 2222 closing parenthesis. Nested parentheses are not permit	Line 2249 closing parenthesis. Nested parentheses are not permit
option is set, an unescaped # character also introduces a comment, which in	option is set, an unescaped # character also introduces a comment, which in
this case continues to immediately after the next newline character or	this case continues to immediately after the next newline character or
character sequence in the pattern. Which characters are interpreted as newlines	character sequence in the pattern. Which characters are interpreted as newlines
is controlled by the options passed to \fBpcre_compile()\fP or by a special	is controlled by the options passed to a compiling function or by a special
sequence at the start of the pattern, as described in the section entitled	sequence at the start of the pattern, as described in the section entitled
.\" HTML <a href="#newlines">	.\" HTML <a href="#newlines">
.\" </a>	.\" </a>
Line 2524 same pair of parentheses when there is a repetition.	Line 2551 same pair of parentheses when there is a repetition.
.P	.P
PCRE provides a similar feature, but of course it cannot obey arbitrary Perl	PCRE provides a similar feature, but of course it cannot obey arbitrary Perl
code. The feature is called "callout". The caller of PCRE provides an external	code. The feature is called "callout". The caller of PCRE provides an external
function by putting its entry point in the global variable \fIpcre_callout\fP.	function by putting its entry point in the global variable \fIpcre_callout\fP
By default, this variable contains NULL, which disables all calling out.	(8-bit library) or \fIpcre16_callout\fP (16-bit library). By default, this
	variable contains NULL, which disables all calling out.
.P	.P
Within a regular expression, (?C) indicates the points at which the external	Within a regular expression, (?C) indicates the points at which the external
function is to be called. If you want to identify different callout points, you	function is to be called. If you want to identify different callout points, you
Line 2534 For example, this pattern has two callout points:	Line 2562 For example, this pattern has two callout points:
.sp	.sp
(?C1)abc(?C2)def	(?C1)abc(?C2)def
.sp	.sp
If the PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT flag is passed to \fBpcre_compile()\fP, callouts are	If the PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT flag is passed to a compiling function, callouts are
automatically installed before each item in the pattern. They are all numbered	automatically installed before each item in the pattern. They are all numbered
255.	255.
.P	.P
During matching, when PCRE reaches a callout point (and \fIpcre_callout\fP is	During matching, when PCRE reaches a callout point, the external function is
set), the external function is called. It is provided with the number of the	called. It is provided with the number of the callout, the position in the
callout, the position in the pattern, and, optionally, one item of data	pattern, and, optionally, one item of data originally supplied by the caller of
originally supplied by the caller of \fBpcre_exec()\fP. The callout function	the matching function. The callout function may cause matching to proceed, to
may cause matching to proceed, to backtrack, or to fail altogether. A complete	backtrack, or to fail altogether. A complete description of the interface to
description of the interface to the callout function is given in the	the callout function is given in the
.\" HREF	.\" HREF
\fBpcrecallout\fP	\fBpcrecallout\fP
.\"	.\"
Line 2561 production code should be noted to avoid problems duri	Line 2589 production code should be noted to avoid problems duri
remarks apply to the PCRE features described in this section.	remarks apply to the PCRE features described in this section.
.P	.P
Since these verbs are specifically related to backtracking, most of them can be	Since these verbs are specifically related to backtracking, most of them can be
used only when the pattern is to be matched using \fBpcre_exec()\fP, which uses	used only when the pattern is to be matched using one of the traditional
a backtracking algorithm. With the exception of (*FAIL), which behaves like a	matching functions, which use a backtracking algorithm. With the exception of
failing negative assertion, they cause an error if encountered by	(*FAIL), which behaves like a failing negative assertion, they cause an error
\fBpcre_dfa_exec()\fP.	if encountered by a DFA matching function.
.P	.P
If any of these verbs are used in an assertion or in a subpattern that is	If any of these verbs are used in an assertion or in a subpattern that is
called as a subroutine (whether or not recursively), their effect is confined	called as a subroutine (whether or not recursively), their effect is confined
Line 2573 exception: the name from a (MARK), (PRUNE), or (*THE	Line 2601 exception: the name from a (MARK), (PRUNE), or (*THE
a successful positive assertion \fIis\fP passed back when a match succeeds	a successful positive assertion \fIis\fP passed back when a match succeeds
(compare capturing parentheses in assertions). Note that such subpatterns are	(compare capturing parentheses in assertions). Note that such subpatterns are
processed as anchored at the point where they are tested. Note also that Perl's	processed as anchored at the point where they are tested. Note also that Perl's
treatment of subroutines is different in some cases.	treatment of subroutines and assertions is different in some cases.
.P	.P
The new verbs make use of what was previously invalid syntax: an opening	The new verbs make use of what was previously invalid syntax: an opening
parenthesis followed by an asterisk. They are generally of the form	parenthesis followed by an asterisk. They are generally of the form
(VERB) or (VERB:NAME). Some may take either form, with differing behaviour,	(VERB) or (VERB:NAME). Some may take either form, with differing behaviour,
depending on whether or not an argument is present. A name is any sequence of	depending on whether or not an argument is present. A name is any sequence of
characters that does not include a closing parenthesis. If the name is empty,	characters that does not include a closing parenthesis. The maximum length of
that is, if the closing parenthesis immediately follows the colon, the effect	name is 255 in the 8-bit library and 65535 in the 16-bit library. If the name
is as if the colon were not there. Any number of these verbs may occur in a	is empty, that is, if the closing parenthesis immediately follows the colon,
pattern.	the effect is as if the colon were not there. Any number of these verbs may
.P	occur in a pattern.
	.
	.
	.\" HTML <a name="nooptimize"></a>
	.SS "Optimizations that affect backtracking verbs"
	.rs
	.sp
PCRE contains some optimizations that are used to speed up matching by running	PCRE contains some optimizations that are used to speed up matching by running
some checks at the start of each match attempt. For example, it may know the	some checks at the start of each match attempt. For example, it may know the
minimum length of matching subject, or that a particular character must be	minimum length of matching subject, or that a particular character must be
Line 2591 present. When one of these optimizations suppresses th	Line 2625 present. When one of these optimizations suppresses th
included backtracking verbs will not, of course, be processed. You can suppress	included backtracking verbs will not, of course, be processed. You can suppress
the start-of-match optimizations by setting the PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option	the start-of-match optimizations by setting the PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option
when calling \fBpcre_compile()\fP or \fBpcre_exec()\fP, or by starting the	when calling \fBpcre_compile()\fP or \fBpcre_exec()\fP, or by starting the
pattern with (*NO_START_OPT).	pattern with (*NO_START_OPT). There is more discussion of this option in the
	section entitled
	.\" HTML <a href="pcreapi.html#execoptions">
	.\" </a>
	"Option bits for \fBpcre_exec()\fP"
	.\"
	in the
	.\" HREF
	\fBpcreapi\fP
	.\"
	documentation.
.P	.P
Experiments with Perl suggest that it too has similar optimizations, sometimes	Experiments with Perl suggest that it too has similar optimizations, sometimes
leading to anomalous results.	leading to anomalous results.
Line 2643 A name is always required with this verb. There may be	Line 2687 A name is always required with this verb. There may be
(*MARK) as you like in a pattern, and their names do not have to be unique.	(*MARK) as you like in a pattern, and their names do not have to be unique.
.P	.P
When a match succeeds, the name of the last-encountered (*MARK) on the matching	When a match succeeds, the name of the last-encountered (*MARK) on the matching
path is passed back to the caller via the \fIpcre_extra\fP data structure, as	path is passed back to the caller as described in the section entitled
described in the
.\" HTML <a href="pcreapi.html#extradata">	.\" HTML <a href="pcreapi.html#extradata">
.\" </a>	.\" </a>
section on \fIpcre_extra\fP	"Extra data for \fBpcre_exec()\fP"
.\"	.\"
in the	in the
.\" HREF	.\" HREF
Line 2681 After a partial match or a failed match, the name of t	Line 2724 After a partial match or a failed match, the name of t
No match, mark = B	No match, mark = B
.sp	.sp
Note that in this unanchored example the mark is retained from the match	Note that in this unanchored example the mark is retained from the match
attempt that started at the letter "X". Subsequent match attempts starting at	attempt that started at the letter "X" in the subject. Subsequent match
"P" and then with an empty string do not get as far as the (*MARK) item, but	attempts starting at "P" and then with an empty string do not get as far as the
nevertheless do not reset it.	(*MARK) item, but nevertheless do not reset it.
	.P
	If you are interested in (*MARK) values after failed matches, you should
	probably set the PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option
	.\" HTML <a href="#nooptimize">
	.\" </a>
	(see above)
	.\"
	to ensure that the match is always attempted.
.	.
.	.
.SS "Verbs that act after backtracking"	.SS "Verbs that act after backtracking"
Line 2845 overrides.	Line 2896 overrides.
.rs	.rs
.sp	.sp
\fBpcreapi\fP(3), \fBpcrecallout\fP(3), \fBpcrematching\fP(3),	\fBpcreapi\fP(3), \fBpcrecallout\fP(3), \fBpcrematching\fP(3),
\fBpcresyntax\fP(3), \fBpcre\fP(3).	\fBpcresyntax\fP(3), \fBpcre\fP(3), \fBpcre16(3)\fP.
.	.
.	.
.SH AUTHOR	.SH AUTHOR
Line 2862 Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.	Line 2913 Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
.rs	.rs
.sp	.sp
.nf	.nf
Last updated: 29 November 2011	Last updated: 17 June 2012
Copyright (c) 1997-2011 University of Cambridge.	Copyright (c) 1997-2012 University of Cambridge.
.fi	.fi

FreeBSD-CVSweb <freebsd-cvsweb@FreeBSD.org>

Removed from v.1.1
changed lines
	Added in v.1.1.1.3