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version 1.1.1.1, 2012/02/21 16:23:02	version 1.1.1.3, 2012/10/09 09:29:52
Line 1	Line 1
SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)	SUDO(1m) System Manager's Manual SUDO(1m)



NNAAMMEE	NNAAMMEE
sudo, sudoedit - execute a command as another user	ssuuddoo, ssuuddooeeddiitt - execute a command as another user

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS	SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
ssuuddoo [--DD _l_e_v_e_l] --hh \| --KK \| --kk \| --VV	ssuuddoo --hh \| --KK \| --kk \| --VV
	ssuuddoo --vv [--AAkknnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e \| _#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t]
	[--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e \| _#_u_i_d]
	ssuuddoo --ll[_l] [--AAkknnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e \| _#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t]
	[--UU _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e \| _#_u_i_d] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
	ssuuddoo [--AAbbEEHHnnPPSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--CC _f_d] [--cc _c_l_a_s_s \| _-]
	[--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e \| _#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--rr _r_o_l_e] [--tt _t_y_p_e]
	[--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e \| _#_u_i_d] [VVAARR=_v_a_l_u_e] --ii \| --ss [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
	ssuuddooeeddiitt [--AAnnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--CC _f_d] [--cc _c_l_a_s_s \| _-]
	[--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e \| _#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e \| _#_u_i_d] file
	...

ssuuddoo --vv [--AAkknnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--DD _l_e_v_e_l] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e\|_#_g_i_d]
[--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e\|_#_u_i_d]

ssuuddoo --ll[[ll]] [--AAkknnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--DD _l_e_v_e_l] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e\|_#_g_i_d]
[--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--UU _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e\|_#_u_i_d] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]

ssuuddoo [--AAbbEEHHnnPPSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--CC _f_d] [--DD _l_e_v_e_l] [--cc _c_l_a_s_s\|_-]
[--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e\|_#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--rr _r_o_l_e] [--tt _t_y_p_e]
[--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e\|_#_u_i_d] [VVAARR=_v_a_l_u_e] [--ii \| --ss] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]

ssuuddooeeddiitt [--AAnnSS] [--aa _a_u_t_h___t_y_p_e] [--CC _f_d] [--cc _c_l_a_s_s\|_-] [--DD _l_e_v_e_l]
[--gg _g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e\|_#_g_i_d] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--uu _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e\|_#_u_i_d] file ...

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN	DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
ssuuddoo allows a permitted user to execute a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d as the superuser or	ssuuddoo allows a permitted user to execute a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d as the superuser or
another user, as specified by the security policy. The real and	another user, as specified by the security policy.
effective uid and gid are set to match those of the target user, as
specified in the password database, and the group vector is initialized
based on the group database (unless the --PP option was specified).

ssuuddoo supports a plugin architecture for security policies and	ssuuddoo supports a plugin architecture for security policies and
input/output logging. Third parties can develop and distribute their	input/output logging. Third parties can develop and distribute their own
own policy and I/O logging modules to work seemlessly with the ssuuddoo	policy and I/O logging plugins to work seamlessly with the ssuuddoo front
front end. The default security policy is _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, which is configured	end. The default security policy is _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, which is configured via the
via the file _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s, or via LDAP. See the PLUGINS section for	file _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s, or via LDAP. See the _P_L_U_G_I_N_S section for more
more information.	information.

The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to	The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run
run ssuuddoo. The policy may require that users authenticate themselves	ssuuddoo. The policy may require that users authenticate themselves with a
with a password or another authentication mechanism. If authentication	password or another authentication mechanism. If authentication is
is required, ssuuddoo will exit if the user's password is not entered	required, ssuuddoo will exit if the user's password is not entered within a
within a configurable time limit. This limit is policy-specific; the	configurable time limit. This limit is policy-specific; the default
default password prompt timeout for the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy is 5	password prompt timeout for the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy is 5 minutes.
minutes.

Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user to	Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user to run
run ssuuddoo again for a period of time without requiring authentication.	ssuuddoo again for a period of time without requiring authentication. The
The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy caches credentials for 5 minutes, unless overridden	_s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy caches credentials for 5 minutes, unless overridden in
in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4). By running ssuuddoo with the --vv option, a user can update	sudoers(4). By running ssuuddoo with the --vv option, a user can update the
the cached credentials without running a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.	cached credentials without running a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.

When invoked as ssuuddooeeddiitt, the --ee option (described below), is implied.	When invoked as ssuuddooeeddiitt, the --ee option (described below), is implied.

Security policies may log successful and failed attempts to use ssuuddoo.	Security policies may log successful and failed attempts to use ssuuddoo. If
If an I/O plugin is configured, the running command's input and output	an I/O plugin is configured, the running command's input and output may
may be logged as well.	be logged as well.

OOPPTTIIOONNSS	The options are as follows:
ssuuddoo accepts the following command line options:

-A Normally, if ssuuddoo requires a password, it will read it from	--AA Normally, if ssuuddoo requires a password, it will read it from
the user's terminal. If the --AA (_a_s_k_p_a_s_s) option is	the user's terminal. If the --AA (_a_s_k_p_a_s_s) option is
specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program is	specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program is executed
executed to read the user's password and output the	to read the user's password and output the password to the
password to the standard output. If the SUDO_ASKPASS	standard output. If the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable is
environment variable is set, it specifies the path to the	set, it specifies the path to the helper program. Otherwise,
helper program. Otherwise, if _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f contains a	if _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f contains a line specifying the askpass
line specifying the askpass program, that value will be	program, that value will be used. For example:
used. For example:

# Path to askpass helper program	# Path to askpass helper program
Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass	Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass

If no askpass program is available, sudo will exit with an	If no askpass program is available, ssuuddoo will exit with an
error.	error.

-a _t_y_p_e The --aa (_a_u_t_h_e_n_t_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _t_y_p_e) option causes ssuuddoo to use the	--aa _t_y_p_e The --aa (_a_u_t_h_e_n_t_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _t_y_p_e) option causes ssuuddoo to use the
specified authentication type when validating the user, as	specified authentication type when validating the user, as
allowed by _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f. The system administrator may	allowed by _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f. The system administrator may
specify a list of sudo-specific authentication methods by	specify a list of sudo-specific authentication methods by
adding an "auth-sudo" entry in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f. This	adding an ``auth-sudo'' entry in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f. This
option is only available on systems that support BSD	option is only available on systems that support BSD
authentication.	authentication.

-b The --bb (_b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d) option tells ssuuddoo to run the given	--bb The --bb (_b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d) option tells ssuuddoo to run the given
command in the background. Note that if you use the --bb	command in the background. Note that if you use the --bb
option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the	option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the
process. Most interactive commands will fail to work	process. Most interactive commands will fail to work
properly in background mode.	properly in background mode.

-C _f_d Normally, ssuuddoo will close all open file descriptors other	--CC _f_d Normally, ssuuddoo will close all open file descriptors other
than standard input, standard output and standard error.	than standard input, standard output and standard error. The
The --CC (_c_l_o_s_e _f_r_o_m) option allows the user to specify a	--CC (_c_l_o_s_e _f_r_o_m) option allows the user to specify a starting
starting point above the standard error (file descriptor	point above the standard error (file descriptor three).
three). Values less than three are not permitted. The	Values less than three are not permitted. The security
security policy may restrict the user's ability to use the	policy may restrict the user's ability to use the --CC option.
--CC option. The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy only permits use of the --CC	The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy only permits use of the --CC option when the
option when the administrator has enabled the	administrator has enabled the _c_l_o_s_e_f_r_o_m___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e option.
_c_l_o_s_e_f_r_o_m___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e option.

-c _c_l_a_s_s The --cc (_c_l_a_s_s) option causes ssuuddoo to run the specified	--cc _c_l_a_s_s The --cc (_c_l_a_s_s) option causes ssuuddoo to run the specified
command with resources limited by the specified login	command with resources limited by the specified login class.
class. The _c_l_a_s_s argument can be either a class name as	The _c_l_a_s_s argument can be either a class name as defined in
defined in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f, or a single '-' character.	_/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f, or a single `-' character. Specifying a
Specifying a _c_l_a_s_s of - indicates that the command should	_c_l_a_s_s of - indicates that the command should be run
be run restricted by the default login capabilities for the	restricted by the default login capabilities for the user the
user the command is run as. If the _c_l_a_s_s argument	command is run as. If the _c_l_a_s_s argument specifies an
specifies an existing user class, the command must be run	existing user class, the command must be run as root, or the
as root, or the ssuuddoo command must be run from a shell that	ssuuddoo command must be run from a shell that is already root.
is already root. This option is only available on systems	This option is only available on systems with BSD login
with BSD login classes.	classes.

-D _l_e_v_e_l Enable debugging of ssuuddoo plugins and ssuuddoo itself. The	--EE The --EE (_p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t) option indicates to the
_l_e_v_e_l may be a value from 1 through 9.	security policy that the user wishes to preserve their
	existing environment variables. The security policy may
	return an error if the --EE option is specified and the user
	does not have permission to preserve the environment.

-E The --EE (_p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t) option indicates to the	--ee The --ee (_e_d_i_t) option indicates that, instead of running a
security policy that the user wishes to preserve their	command, the user wishes to edit one or more files. In lieu
existing environment variables. The security policy may	of a command, the string "sudoedit" is used when consulting
return an error if the --EE option is specified and the user	the security policy. If the user is authorized by the
does not have permission to preserve the environment.	policy, the following steps are taken:

-e The --ee (_e_d_i_t) option indicates that, instead of running a	1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited
command, the user wishes to edit one or more files. In
lieu of a command, the string "sudoedit" is used when
consulting the security policy. If the user is authorized
by the policy, the following steps are taken:

1. Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited
with the owner set to the invoking user.	with the owner set to the invoking user.

2. The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the	2. The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the
temporary files. The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy uses the	temporary files. The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy uses the
SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables	SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environment variables
(in that order). If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or	(in that order). If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or
EDITOR are set, the first program listed in the _e_d_i_t_o_r	EDITOR are set, the first program listed in the _e_d_i_t_o_r
_s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) option is used.	sudoers(4) option is used.

3. If they have been modified, the temporary files are	3. If they have been modified, the temporary files are
copied back to their original location and the	copied back to their original location and the
temporary versions are removed.	temporary versions are removed.

If the specified file does not exist, it will be created.	If the specified file does not exist, it will be created.
Note that unlike most commands run by ssuuddoo, the editor is	Note that unlike most commands run by _s_u_d_o, the editor is run
run with the invoking user's environment unmodified. If,	with the invoking user's environment unmodified. If, for
for some reason, ssuuddoo is unable to update a file with its	some reason, ssuuddoo is unable to update a file with its edited
edited version, the user will receive a warning and the	version, the user will receive a warning and the edited copy
edited copy will remain in a temporary file.	will remain in a temporary file.

-g _g_r_o_u_p Normally, ssuuddoo runs a command with the primary group set to	--gg _g_r_o_u_p Normally, ssuuddoo runs a command with the primary group set to
the one specified by the password database for the user the	the one specified by the password database for the user the
command is being run as (by default, root). The --gg (_g_r_o_u_p)	command is being run as (by default, root). The --gg (_g_r_o_u_p)
option causes ssuuddoo to run the command with the primary	option causes ssuuddoo to run the command with the primary group
group set to _g_r_o_u_p instead. To specify a _g_i_d instead of a	set to _g_r_o_u_p instead. To specify a _g_i_d instead of a _g_r_o_u_p
_g_r_o_u_p _n_a_m_e, use _#_g_i_d. When running commands as a _g_i_d, many	_n_a_m_e, use _#_g_i_d. When running commands as a _g_i_d, many shells
shells require that the '#' be escaped with a backslash	require that the `#' be escaped with a backslash (`\'). If
('\'). If no --uu option is specified, the command will be	no --uu option is specified, the command will be run as the
run as the invoking user (not root). In either case, the	invoking user (not root). In either case, the primary group
primary group will be set to _g_r_o_u_p.	will be set to _g_r_o_u_p.

-H The --HH (_H_O_M_E) option requests that the security policy set	--HH The --HH (_H_O_M_E) option requests that the security policy set
the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the	the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the
target user (root by default) as specified by the password	target user (root by default) as specified by the password
database. Depending on the policy, this may be the default	database. Depending on the policy, this may be the default
behavior.	behavior.

-h The --hh (_h_e_l_p) option causes ssuuddoo to print a short help	--hh The --hh (_h_e_l_p) option causes ssuuddoo to print a short help
message to the standard output and exit.	message to the standard output and exit.

-i [command]	--ii [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
The --ii (_s_i_m_u_l_a_t_e _i_n_i_t_i_a_l _l_o_g_i_n) option runs the shell	The --ii (_s_i_m_u_l_a_t_e _i_n_i_t_i_a_l _l_o_g_i_n) option runs the shell
specified by the password database entry of the target user	specified by the password database entry of the target user
as a login shell. This means that login-specific resource	as a login shell. This means that login-specific resource
files such as .profile or .login will be read by the shell.	files such as _._p_r_o_f_i_l_e or _._l_o_g_i_n will be read by the shell.
If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell for	If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell for
execution via the shell's --cc option. If no command is	execution via the shell's --cc option. If no command is
specified, an interactive shell is executed. ssuuddoo attempts	specified, an interactive shell is executed. ssuuddoo attempts
to change to that user's home directory before running the	to change to that user's home directory before running the
shell. The security policy shall initialize the	shell. The security policy shall initialize the environment
environment to a minimal set of variables, similar to what	to a minimal set of variables, similar to what is present
is present when a user logs in. The _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _E_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t	when a user logs in. The _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _E_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t section in the
section in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) manual documents how the --ii	sudoers(4) manual documents how the --ii option affects the
option affects the environment in which a command is run	environment in which a command is run when the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy
when the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy is in use.	is in use.

-K The --KK (sure _k_i_l_l) option is like --kk except that it removes	--KK The --KK (sure _k_i_l_l) option is like --kk except that it removes
the user's cached credentials entirely and may not be used	the user's cached credentials entirely and may not be used in
in conjunction with a command or other option. This option	conjunction with a command or other option. This option does
does not require a password. Not all security policies	not require a password. Not all security policies support
support credential caching.	credential caching.

-k [command]	--kk [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
When used alone, the --kk (_k_i_l_l) option to ssuuddoo invalidates	When used alone, the --kk (_k_i_l_l) option to ssuuddoo invalidates the
the user's cached credentials. The next time ssuuddoo is run a	user's cached credentials. The next time ssuuddoo is run a
password will be required. This option does not require a	password will be required. This option does not require a
password and was added to allow a user to revoke ssuuddoo	password and was added to allow a user to revoke ssuuddoo
permissions from a .logout file. Not all security policies	permissions from a _._l_o_g_o_u_t file. Not all security policies
support credential caching.	support credential caching.

When used in conjunction with a command or an option that	When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may
may require a password, the --kk option will cause ssuuddoo to	require a password, the --kk option will cause ssuuddoo to ignore
ignore the user's cached credentials. As a result, ssuuddoo	the user's cached credentials. As a result, ssuuddoo will prompt
will prompt for a password (if one is required by the	for a password (if one is required by the security policy)
security policy) and will not update the user's cached	and will not update the user's cached credentials.
credentials.

-l[l] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]	--ll[ll] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
If no _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, the --ll (_l_i_s_t) option will list	If no _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, the --ll (_l_i_s_t) option will list
the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking user	the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking user
(or the user specified by the --UU option) on the current	(or the user specified by the --UU option) on the current host.
host. If a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified and is permitted by the	If a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified and is permitted by the security
security policy, the fully-qualified path to the command is	policy, the fully-qualified path to the command is displayed
displayed along with any command line arguments. If	along with any command line arguments. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified but not allowed, ssuuddoo will exit with a	specified but not allowed, ssuuddoo will exit with a status value
status value of 1. If the --ll option is specified with an ll	of 1. If the --ll option is specified with an _l argument (i.e.
argument (i.e. --llll), or if --ll is specified multiple times,	--llll), or if --ll is specified multiple times, a longer list
a longer list format is used.	format is used.

-n The --nn (_n_o_n_-_i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e) option prevents ssuuddoo from	--nn The --nn (_n_o_n_-_i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e) option prevents ssuuddoo from prompting
prompting the user for a password. If a password is	the user for a password. If a password is required for the
required for the command to run, ssuuddoo will display an error	command to run, ssuuddoo will display an error message and exit.
messages and exit.

-P The --PP (_p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e _g_r_o_u_p _v_e_c_t_o_r) option causes ssuuddoo to	--PP The --PP (_p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e _g_r_o_u_p _v_e_c_t_o_r) option causes ssuuddoo to preserve
preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By	the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By default, the
default, the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy will initialize the group	_s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy will initialize the group vector to the list
vector to the list of groups the target user is in. The	of groups the target user is in. The real and effective
real and effective group IDs, however, are still set to	group IDs, however, are still set to match the target user.
match the target user.

-p _p_r_o_m_p_t The --pp (_p_r_o_m_p_t) option allows you to override the default	--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t The --pp (_p_r_o_m_p_t) option allows you to override the default
password prompt and use a custom one. The following	password prompt and use a custom one. The following percent
percent (`%') escapes are supported by the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy:	(`%') escapes are supported by the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy:

%H expanded to the host name including the domain name (on	%H expanded to the host name including the domain name (on
if the machine's host name is fully qualified or the	if the machine's host name is fully qualified or the _f_q_d_n
_f_q_d_n option is set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4))	option is set in sudoers(4))

%h expanded to the local host name without the domain name	%h expanded to the local host name without the domain name

%p expanded to the name of the user whose password is	%p expanded to the name of the user whose password is being
being requested (respects the _r_o_o_t_p_w, _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w and	requested (respects the _r_o_o_t_p_w, _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w, and _r_u_n_a_s_p_w
_r_u_n_a_s_p_w flags in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4))	flags in sudoers(4))

%U expanded to the login name of the user the command will	%U expanded to the login name of the user the command will
be run as (defaults to root unless the -u option is	be run as (defaults to root unless the --uu option is also
also specified)	specified)

%u expanded to the invoking user's login name	%u expanded to the invoking user's login name

%% two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a	%% two consecutive `%' characters are collapsed into a
single % character	single `%' character

The prompt specified by the --pp option will override the	The prompt specified by the --pp option will override the
system password prompt on systems that support PAM unless	system password prompt on systems that support PAM unless the
the _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e flag is disabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.	_p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e flag is disabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.

-r _r_o_l_e The --rr (_r_o_l_e) option causes the new (SELinux) security	--rr _r_o_l_e The --rr (_r_o_l_e) option causes the new (SELinux) security
context to have the role specified by _r_o_l_e.	context to have the role specified by _r_o_l_e.

-S The --SS (_s_t_d_i_n) option causes ssuuddoo to read the password from	--SS The --SS (_s_t_d_i_n) option causes ssuuddoo to read the password from
the standard input instead of the terminal device. The	the standard input instead of the terminal device. The
password must be followed by a newline character.	password must be followed by a newline character.

-s [command]	--ss [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
The --ss (_s_h_e_l_l) option runs the shell specified by the _S_H_E_L_L	The --ss (_s_h_e_l_l) option runs the shell specified by the SHELL
environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified	environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified
in the password database. If a command is specified, it is	in the password database. If a command is specified, it is
passed to the shell for execution via the shell's --cc	passed to the shell for execution via the shell's --cc option.
option. If no command is specified, an interactive shell	If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed.
is executed.

-t _t_y_p_e The --tt (_t_y_p_e) option causes the new (SELinux) security	--tt _t_y_p_e The --tt (_t_y_p_e) option causes the new (SELinux) security
context to have the type specified by _t_y_p_e. If no type is	context to have the type specified by _t_y_p_e. If no type is
specified, the default type is derived from the specified	specified, the default type is derived from the specified
role.	role.

-U _u_s_e_r The --UU (_o_t_h_e_r _u_s_e_r) option is used in conjunction with the	--UU _u_s_e_r The --UU (_o_t_h_e_r _u_s_e_r) option is used in conjunction with the --ll
--ll option to specify the user whose privileges should be	option to specify the user whose privileges should be listed.
listed. The security policy may restrict listing other	The security policy may restrict listing other users'
users' privileges. The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy only allows root or	privileges. The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy only allows root or a user
a user with the ALL privilege on the current host to use	with the ALL privilege on the current host to use this
this option.	option.

-u _u_s_e_r The --uu (_u_s_e_r) option causes ssuuddoo to run the specified	--uu _u_s_e_r The --uu (_u_s_e_r) option causes ssuuddoo to run the specified command
command as a user other than _r_o_o_t. To specify a _u_i_d	as a user other than _r_o_o_t. To specify a _u_i_d instead of a
instead of a _u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e, use _#_u_i_d. When running commands as	_u_s_e_r _n_a_m_e, _#_u_i_d. When running commands as a _u_i_d, many shells
a _u_i_d, many shells require that the '#' be escaped with a	require that the `#' be escaped with a backslash (`\').
backslash ('\'). Security policies may restrict _u_i_ds to	Security policies may restrict _u_i_ds to those listed in the
those listed in the password database. The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy	password database. The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy allows _u_i_ds that are
allows _u_i_ds that are not in the password database as long	not in the password database as long as the _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w option
as the _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w option is not set. Other security policies	is not set. Other security policies may not support this.
may not support this.

-V The --VV (_v_e_r_s_i_o_n) option causes ssuuddoo to print its version	--VV The --VV (_v_e_r_s_i_o_n) option causes ssuuddoo to print its version
string and the version string of the security policy plugin	string and the version string of the security policy plugin
and any I/O plugins. If the invoking user is already root	and any I/O plugins. If the invoking user is already root
the --VV option will display the arguments passed to	the --VV option will display the arguments passed to configure
configure when _s_u_d_o was built and plugins may display more	when ssuuddoo was built and plugins may display more verbose
verbose information such as default options.	information such as default options.

-v When given the --vv (_v_a_l_i_d_a_t_e) option, ssuuddoo will update the	--vv When given the --vv (_v_a_l_i_d_a_t_e) option, ssuuddoo will update the
user's cached credentials, authenticating the user's	user's cached credentials, authenticating the user's password
password if necessary. For the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s plugin, this	if necessary. For the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s plugin, this extends the ssuuddoo
extends the ssuuddoo timeout for another 5 minutes (or whatever	timeout for another 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set
the timeout is set to in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s) but does not run a	to by the security policy) but does not run a command. Not
command. Not all security policies support cached	all security policies support cached credentials.
credentials.

-- The ---- option indicates that ssuuddoo should stop processing	---- The ---- option indicates that ssuuddoo should stop processing
command line arguments.	command line arguments.

Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed on	Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed on the
the command line in the form of VVAARR=_v_a_l_u_e, e.g.	command line in the form of VVAARR=_v_a_l_u_e, e.g.
LLDD__LLIIBBRRAARRYY__PPAATTHH=_/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_p_k_g_/_l_i_b. Variables passed on the command	LLDD__LLIIBBRRAARRYY__PPAATTHH=_/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_p_k_g_/_l_i_b. Variables passed on the command line
line are subject to the same restrictions as normal environment	are subject to the same restrictions as normal environment variables with
variables with one important exception. If the _s_e_t_e_n_v option is set in	one important exception. If the _s_e_t_e_n_v option is set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, the
_s_u_d_o_e_r_s, the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the command	command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the command matched is ALL,
matched is ALL, the user may set variables that would overwise be	the user may set variables that would otherwise be forbidden. See
forbidden. See _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) for more information.	sudoers(4) for more information.

	CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN
	When ssuuddoo executes a command, the security policy specifies the execution
	envionment for the command. Typically, the real and effective uid and
	gid are set to match those of the target user, as specified in the
	password database, and the group vector is initialized based on the group
	database (unless the --PP option was specified).

	The following parameters may be specified by security policy:

	oo real and effective user ID

	oo real and effective group ID

	oo supplementary group IDs

	oo the environment list

	oo current working directory

	oo file creation mode mask (umask)

	oo SELinux role and type

	oo Solaris project

	oo Solaris privileges

	oo BSD login class

	oo scheduling priority (aka nice value)

	PPrroocceessss mmooddeell
	When ssuuddoo runs a command, it calls fork(2), sets up the execution
	environment as described above, and calls the execve system call in the
	child process. The main ssuuddoo process waits until the command has
	completed, then passes the command's exit status to the security policy's
	close method and exits. If an I/O logging plugin is configured, a new
	pseudo-terminal (``pty'') is created and a second ssuuddoo process is used to
	relay job control signals between the user's existing pty and the new pty
	the command is being run in. This extra process makes it possible to,
	for example, suspend and resume the command. Without it, the command
	would be in what POSIX terms an ``orphaned process group'' and it would
	not receive any job control signals.

	SSiiggnnaall hhaannddlliinngg
	Because the command is run as a child of the ssuuddoo process, ssuuddoo will
	relay signals it receives to the command. Unless the command is being
	run in a new pty, the SIGHUP, SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals are not relayed
	unless they are sent by a user process, not the kernel. Otherwise, the
	command would receive SIGINT twice every time the user entered control-C.
	Some signals, such as SIGSTOP and SIGKILL, cannot be caught and thus will
	not be relayed to the command. As a general rule, SIGTSTP should be used
	instead of SIGSTOP when you wish to suspend a command being run by ssuuddoo.

	As a special case, ssuuddoo will not relay signals that were sent by the
	command it is running. This prevents the command from accidentally
	killing itself. On some systems, the reboot(1m) command sends SIGTERM to
	all non-system processes other than itself before rebooting the systyem.
	This prevents ssuuddoo from relaying the SIGTERM signal it received back to
	reboot(1m), which might then exit before the system was actually rebooted,
	leaving it in a half-dead state similar to single user mode. Note,
	however, that this check only applies to the command run by ssuuddoo and not
	any other processes that the command may create. As a result, running a
	script that calls reboot(1m) or shutdown(1m) via ssuuddoo may cause the system
	to end up in this undefined state unless the reboot(1m) or shutdown(1m) are
	run using the eexxeecc() family of functions instead of ssyysstteemm() (which
	interposes a shell between the command and the calling process).

PPLLUUGGIINNSS	PPLLUUGGIINNSS
Plugins are dynamically loaded based on the contents of the	Plugins are dynamically loaded based on the contents of the
_/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file. If no _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file is present, or it	_/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file. If no _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file is present, or it
contains no Plugin lines, ssuuddoo will use the traditional _s_u_d_o_e_r_s	contains no Plugin lines, ssuuddoo will use the traditional _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security
security policy and I/O logging, which corresponds to the following	policy and I/O logging, which corresponds to the following _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f
_/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file.	file.

#	#
# Default /etc/sudo.conf file	# Default /etc/sudo.conf file
#	#
# Format:	# Format:
# Plugin plugin_name plugin_path	# Plugin plugin_name plugin_path plugin_options ...
# Path askpass /path/to/askpass	# Path askpass /path/to/askpass
# Path noexec /path/to/noexec.so	# Path noexec /path/to/sudo_noexec.so
#	# Debug sudo /var/log/sudo_debug all@warn
# The plugin_path is relative to /usr/local/libexec unless	# Set disable_coredump true
# fully qualified.	#
# The plugin_name corresponds to a global symbol in the plugin	# The plugin_path is relative to /usr/local/libexec unless
# that contains the plugin interface structure.	# fully qualified.
#	# The plugin_name corresponds to a global symbol in the plugin
Plugin policy_plugin sudoers.so	# that contains the plugin interface structure.
Plugin io_plugin sudoers.so	# The plugin_options are optional.
	#
	Plugin policy_plugin sudoers.so
	Plugin io_plugin sudoers.so

A Plugin line consists of the Plugin keyword, followed by the	A Plugin line consists of the Plugin keyword, followed by the _s_y_m_b_o_l___n_a_m_e
_s_y_m_b_o_l___n_a_m_e and the _p_a_t_h to the shared object containing the plugin.	and the _p_a_t_h to the shared object containing the plugin. The _s_y_m_b_o_l___n_a_m_e
The _s_y_m_b_o_l___n_a_m_e is the name of the struct policy_plugin or struct	is the name of the struct policy_plugin or struct io_plugin in the plugin
io_plugin in the plugin shared object. The _p_a_t_h may be fully qualified	shared object. The _p_a_t_h may be fully qualified or relative. If not
or relative. If not fully qualified it is relative to the	fully qualified it is relative to the _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_l_i_b_e_x_e_c directory. Any
_/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_l_i_b_e_x_e_c directory. Any additional parameters after the _p_a_t_h	additional parameters after the _p_a_t_h are passed as arguments to the
are ignored. Lines that don't begin with Plugin or Path are silently	plugin's _o_p_e_n function. Lines that don't begin with Plugin, Path, Debug,
ignored	or Set are silently ignored.

For more information, see the _s_u_d_o___p_l_u_g_i_n(1m) manual.	For more information, see the sudo_plugin(1m) manual.

PPAATTHHSS	PPAATTHHSS
A Path line consists of the Path keyword, followed by the name of the	A Path line consists of the Path keyword, followed by the name of the
path to set and its value. E.g.	path to set and its value. E.g.

Path noexec /usr/local/libexec/sudo_noexec.so	Path noexec /usr/local/libexec/sudo_noexec.so
Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass	Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass

The following plugin-agnostic paths may be set in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f	The following plugin-agnostic paths may be set in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f
file.	file:

askpass The fully qualified path to a helper program used to	askpass The fully qualified path to a helper program used to read the
read the user's password when no terminal is available.	user's password when no terminal is available. This may be the
This may be the case when ssuuddoo is executed from a	case when ssuuddoo is executed from a graphical (as opposed to
graphical (as opposed to text-based) application. The	text-based) application. The program specified by _a_s_k_p_a_s_s
program specified by _a_s_k_p_a_s_s should display the	should display the argument passed to it as the prompt and
argument passed to it as the prompt and write the	write the user's password to the standard output. The value of
user's password to the standard output. The value of	_a_s_k_p_a_s_s may be overridden by the SUDO_ASKPASS environment
_a_s_k_p_a_s_s may be overridden by the SUDO_ASKPASS	variable.
environment variable.

noexec The fully-qualified path to a shared library containing	noexec The fully-qualified path to a shared library containing dummy
dummy versions of the _e_x_e_c_v_(_), _e_x_e_c_v_e_(_) and _f_e_x_e_c_v_e_(_)	versions of the eexxeeccvv(), eexxeeccvvee() and ffeexxeeccvvee() library
library functions that just return an error. This is	functions that just return an error. This is used to implement
used to implement the _n_o_e_x_e_c functionality on systems	the _n_o_e_x_e_c functionality on systems that support LD_PRELOAD or
that support LD_PRELOAD or its equivalent. Defaults to	its equivalent. Defaults to _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_l_i_b_e_x_e_c_/_s_u_d_o___n_o_e_x_e_c_._s_o.
_/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l_/_l_i_b_e_x_e_c_/_s_u_d_o___n_o_e_x_e_c_._s_o.

RREETTUURRNN VVAALLUUEESS	DDEEBBUUGG FFLLAAGGSS
Upon successful execution of a program, the exit status from ssuuddoo will	ssuuddoo versions 1.8.4 and higher support a flexible debugging framework
simply be the exit status of the program that was executed.	that can help track down what ssuuddoo is doing internally if there is a
	problem.

Otherwise, ssuuddoo exits with a value of 1 if there is a	A Debug line consists of the Debug keyword, followed by the name of the
configuration/permission problem or if ssuuddoo cannot execute the given	program to debug (ssuuddoo, vviissuuddoo, ssuuddoorreeppllaayy), the debug file name and a
command. In the latter case the error string is printed to the	comma-separated list of debug flags. The debug flag syntax used by ssuuddoo
standard error. If ssuuddoo cannot _s_t_a_t(2) one or more entries in the	and the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s plugin is _s_u_b_s_y_s_t_e_m@_p_r_i_o_r_i_t_y but the plugin is free to
user's PATH, an error is printed on stderr. (If the directory does not	use a different format so long as it does not include a comma (`,').
exist or if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and no
error is printed.) This should not happen under normal circumstances.
The most common reason for _s_t_a_t(2) to return "permission denied" is if
you are running an automounter and one of the directories in your PATH
is on a machine that is currently unreachable.

	For instance:

	Debug sudo /var/log/sudo_debug all@warn,plugin@info

	would log all debugging statements at the _w_a_r_n level and higher in
	addition to those at the _i_n_f_o level for the plugin subsystem.

	Currently, only one Debug entry per program is supported. The ssuuddoo Debug
	entry is shared by the ssuuddoo front end, ssuuddooeeddiitt and the plugins. A
	future release may add support for per-plugin Debug lines and/or support
	for multiple debugging files for a single program.

	The priorities used by the ssuuddoo front end, in order of decreasing
	severity, are: _c_r_i_t, _e_r_r, _w_a_r_n, _n_o_t_i_c_e, _d_i_a_g, _i_n_f_o, _t_r_a_c_e and _d_e_b_u_g.
	Each priority, when specified, also includes all priorities higher than
	it. For example, a priority of _n_o_t_i_c_e would include debug messages
	logged at _n_o_t_i_c_e and higher.

	The following subsystems are used by the ssuuddoo front-end:

	_a_l_l matches every subsystem

	_a_r_g_s command line argument processing

	_c_o_n_v user conversation

	_e_d_i_t sudoedit

	_e_x_e_c command execution

	_m_a_i_n ssuuddoo main function

	_n_e_t_i_f network interface handling

	_p_c_o_m_m communication with the plugin

	_p_l_u_g_i_n plugin configuration

	_p_t_y pseudo-tty related code

	_s_e_l_i_n_u_x SELinux-specific handling

	_u_t_i_l utility functions

	_u_t_m_p utmp handling

	EEXXIITT VVAALLUUEE
	Upon successful execution of a program, the exit status from _s_u_d_o will
	simply be the exit status of the program that was executed.

	Otherwise, ssuuddoo exits with a value of 1 if there is a
	configuration/permission problem or if ssuuddoo cannot execute the given
	command. In the latter case the error string is printed to the standard
	error. If ssuuddoo cannot stat(2) one or more entries in the user's PATH, an
	error is printed on stderr. (If the directory does not exist or if it is
	not really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is printed.)
	This should not happen under normal circumstances. The most common
	reason for stat(2) to return ``permission denied'' is if you are running
	an automounter and one of the directories in your PATH is on a machine
	that is currently unreachable.

SSEECCUURRIITTYY NNOOTTEESS	SSEECCUURRIITTYY NNOOTTEESS
ssuuddoo tries to be safe when executing external commands.	ssuuddoo tries to be safe when executing external commands.

To prevent command spoofing, ssuuddoo checks "." and "" (both denoting	To prevent command spoofing, ssuuddoo checks "." and "" (both denoting
current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's PATH	current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's PATH
(if one or both are in the PATH). Note, however, that the actual PATH	(if one or both are in the PATH). Note, however, that the actual PATH
environment variable is _n_o_t modified and is passed unchanged to the	environment variable is _n_o_t modified and is passed unchanged to the
program that ssuuddoo executes.	program that ssuuddoo executes.

Please note that ssuuddoo will normally only log the command it explicitly	Please note that ssuuddoo will normally only log the command it explicitly
runs. If a user runs a command such as sudo su or sudo sh, subsequent	runs. If a user runs a command such as sudo su or sudo sh, subsequent
commands run from that shell are not subject to ssuuddoo's security policy.	commands run from that shell are not subject to ssuuddoo's security policy.
The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including most	The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including most
editors). If I/O logging is enabled, subsequent commands will have	editors). If I/O logging is enabled, subsequent commands will have their
their input and/or output logged, but there will not be traditional	input and/or output logged, but there will not be traditional logs for
logs for those commands. Because of this, care must be taken when	those commands. Because of this, care must be taken when giving users
giving users access to commands via ssuuddoo to verify that the command	access to commands via ssuuddoo to verify that the command does not
does not inadvertently give the user an effective root shell. For more	inadvertently give the user an effective root shell. For more
information, please see the PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES section in	information, please see the _P_R_E_V_E_N_T_I_N_G _S_H_E_L_L _E_S_C_A_P_E_S section in
_s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4).	sudoers(4).

	To prevent the disclosure of potentially sensitive information, ssuuddoo
	disables core dumps by default while it is executing (they are re-enabled
	for the command that is run). To aid in debugging ssuuddoo crashes, you may
	wish to re-enable core dumps by setting ``disable_coredump'' to false in
	the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file as follows:

	Set disable_coredump false

	Note that by default, most operating systems disable core dumps from
	setuid programs, which includes ssuuddoo. To actually get a ssuuddoo core file
	you may need to enable core dumps for setuid processes. On BSD and Linux
	systems this is accomplished via the sysctl command, on Solaris the
	coreadm command can be used.

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT	EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
ssuuddoo utilizes the following environment variables. The security policy	ssuuddoo utilizes the following environment variables. The security policy
has control over the content of the command's environment.	has control over the actual content of the command's environment.

EDITOR Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode if neither	EDITOR Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode if neither
SUDO_EDITOR nor VISUAL is set	SUDO_EDITOR nor VISUAL is set.

MAIL In --ii mode or when _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t is enabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, set	MAIL In --ii mode or when _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t is enabled in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, set
to the mail spool of the target user	to the mail spool of the target user.

HOME Set to the home directory of the target user if --ii or	HOME Set to the home directory of the target user if --ii or --HH
--HH are specified, _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t or _a_l_w_a_y_s___s_e_t___h_o_m_e are set	are specified, _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t or _a_l_w_a_y_s___s_e_t___h_o_m_e are set in
in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, or when the --ss option is specified and	_s_u_d_o_e_r_s, or when the --ss option is specified and _s_e_t___h_o_m_e
_s_e_t___h_o_m_e is set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s	is set in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.

PATH May be overridden by the security policy.	PATH May be overridden by the security policy.

SHELL Used to determine shell to run with -s option	SHELL Used to determine shell to run with --ss option.

SUDO_ASKPASS Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the	SUDO_ASKPASS Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the
password if no terminal is available or if the -A	password if no terminal is available or if the --AA option
option is specified.	is specified.

SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo	SUDO_COMMAND Set to the command run by sudo.

SUDO_EDITOR Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode	SUDO_EDITOR Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode.

SUDO_GID Set to the group ID of the user who invoked sudo	SUDO_GID Set to the group ID of the user who invoked sudo.

SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt	SUDO_PROMPT Used as the default password prompt.

SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the program	SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the program
being run	being run.

SUDO_UID Set to the user ID of the user who invoked sudo	SUDO_UID Set to the user ID of the user who invoked sudo.

SUDO_USER Set to the login of the user who invoked sudo	SUDO_USER Set to the login name of the user who invoked sudo.

USER Set to the target user (root unless the --uu option is	USER Set to the target user (root unless the --uu option is
specified)	specified).

VISUAL Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode if	VISUAL Default editor to use in --ee (sudoedit) mode if
SUDO_EDITOR is not set	SUDO_EDITOR is not set.

FFIILLEESS	FFIILLEESS
_/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f ssuuddoo plugin and path configuration	_/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f ssuuddoo front end configuration

EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS	EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS
Note: the following examples assume a properly configured security	Note: the following examples assume a properly configured security
policy.	policy.

To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:	To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:

$ sudo ls /usr/local/protected	$ sudo ls /usr/local/protected

To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file	To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file system
system holding ~yaz is not exported as root:	holding ~yaz is not exported as root:

$ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz	$ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz

To edit the _i_n_d_e_x_._h_t_m_l file as user www:	To edit the _i_n_d_e_x_._h_t_m_l file as user www:

$ sudo -u www vi ~www/htdocs/index.html	$ sudo -u www vi ~www/htdocs/index.html

To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group:	To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group:

$ sudo -g adm view /var/log/syslog	$ sudo -g adm view /var/log/syslog

To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:	To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:

$ sudo -u jim -g audio vi ~jim/sound.txt	$ sudo -u jim -g audio vi ~jim/sound.txt

To shutdown a machine:	To shut down a machine:

$ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"	$ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"

To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition.	To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition. Note
Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell to make the cd and file	that this runs the commands in a sub-shell to make the cd and file
redirection work.	redirection work.

$ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * \| sort -rn > USAGE"	$ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * \| sort -rn > USAGE"

SSEEEE AALLSSOO	SSEEEE AALLSSOO
_g_r_e_p(1), _s_u(1), _s_t_a_t(2), _l_o_g_i_n___c_a_p(3), _p_a_s_s_w_d(4), _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4),	grep(1), su(1), stat(2), login_cap(3), passwd(4), sudoers(4),
_s_u_d_o___p_l_u_g_i_n(1m), _s_u_d_o_r_e_p_l_a_y(1m), _v_i_s_u_d_o(1m)	sudo_plugin(1m), sudoreplay(1m), visudo(1m)

	HHIISSTTOORRYY
	See the HISTORY file in the ssuuddoo distribution
	(http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html) for a brief history of sudo.

AAUUTTHHOORRSS	AAUUTTHHOORRSS
Many people have worked on ssuuddoo over the years; this version consists	Many people have worked on ssuuddoo over the years; this version consists of
of code written primarily by:	code written primarily by:

Todd C. Miller	Todd C. Miller

See the HISTORY file in the ssuuddoo distribution or visit	See the CONTRIBUTORS file in the ssuuddoo distribution
http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html for a short history of ssuuddoo.	(http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/contributors.html) for an exhaustive list of
	people who have contributed to ssuuddoo.

CCAAVVEEAATTSS	CCAAVVEEAATTSS
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if	There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if that
that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via ssuuddoo. Also, many	user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via ssuuddoo. Also, many programs
programs (such as editors) allow the user to run commands via shell	(such as editors) allow the user to run commands via shell escapes, thus
escapes, thus avoiding ssuuddoo's checks. However, on most systems it is	avoiding ssuuddoo's checks. However, on most systems it is possible to
possible to prevent shell escapes with the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s(4) module's _n_o_e_x_e_c	prevent shell escapes with the sudoers(4) plugin's _n_o_e_x_e_c functionality.
functionality.

It is not meaningful to run the cd command directly via sudo, e.g.,	It is not meaningful to run the cd command directly via sudo, e.g.,

$ sudo cd /usr/local/protected	$ sudo cd /usr/local/protected

since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will still	since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will still
be the same. Please see the EXAMPLES section for more information.	be the same. Please see the _E_X_A_M_P_L_E_S section for more information.

Running shell scripts via ssuuddoo can expose the same kernel bugs that	Running shell scripts via ssuuddoo can expose the same kernel bugs that make
make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS	setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS has a
has a /dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe).	/dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe).

BBUUGGSS	BBUUGGSS
If you feel you have found a bug in ssuuddoo, please submit a bug report at	If you feel you have found a bug in ssuuddoo, please submit a bug report at
http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/	http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/

SSUUPPPPOORRTT	SSUUPPPPOORRTT
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see	Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see
http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search	http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the
the archives.	archives.

DDIISSCCLLAAIIMMEERR	DDIISSCCLLAAIIMMEERR
ssuuddoo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,	ssuuddoo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of	including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.	and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE
See the LICENSE file distributed with ssuuddoo or	file distributed with ssuuddoo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for
http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for complete details.	complete details.

	Sudo 1.8.6 July 10, 2012 Sudo 1.8.6

1.8.3 September 16, 2011 SUDO(1m)

FreeBSD-CVSweb <freebsd-cvsweb@FreeBSD.org>

Removed from v.1.1.1.1
changed lines
	Added in v.1.1.1.3