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SUDOERS(4)                   MAINTENANCE COMMANDS                   SUDOERS(4)SUDOERS(4)                    Programmer's Manual                   SUDOERS(4)
   
   
   
 NNAAMMEE  NNAAMMEE
       sudoers - default sudo security policy module     ssuuddooeerrss - default sudo security policy module
   
 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN  DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy module determines a user's ssuuddoo privileges.  It is     The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy module determines a user's ssuuddoo privileges.  It is the
       the default ssuuddoo policy plugin.  The policy is driven by the     default ssuuddoo policy plugin.  The policy is driven by the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s
       _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s file or, optionally in LDAP.  The policy format is     file or, optionally in LDAP.  The policy format is described in detail in
       described in detail in the "SUDOERS FILE FORMAT" section.  For     the _S_U_D_O_E_R_S _F_I_L_E _F_O_R_M_A_T section.  For information on storing _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
       information on storing _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy information in LDAP, please see     policy information in LDAP, please see sudoers.ldap(4).
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_d_a_p(4). 
   
   AAuutthheennttiiccaattiioonn aanndd LLooggggiinngg   AAuutthheennttiiccaattiioonn aanndd llooggggiinngg
       The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy requires that most users authenticate     The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy requires that most users authenticate
       themselves before they can use ssuuddoo.  A password is not required if the     themselves before they can use ssuuddoo.  A password is not required if the
       invoking user is root, if the target user is the same as the invoking     invoking user is root, if the target user is the same as the invoking
       user, or if the policy has disabled authentication for the user or     user, or if the policy has disabled authentication for the user or
       command.  Unlike _s_u(1), when _s_u_d_o_e_r_s requires authentication, it     command.  Unlike su(1), when _s_u_d_o_e_r_s requires authentication, it
       validates the invoking user's credentials, not the target user's (or     validates the invoking user's credentials, not the target user's (or
       root's) credentials.  This can be changed via the _r_o_o_t_p_w, _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w and     root's) credentials.  This can be changed via the _r_o_o_t_p_w, _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w and
       _r_u_n_a_s_p_w flags, described later.     _r_u_n_a_s_p_w flags, described later.
   
       If a user who is not listed in the policy tries to run a command via     If a user who is not listed in the policy tries to run a command via
       ssuuddoo, mail is sent to the proper authorities.  The address used for     ssuuddoo, mail is sent to the proper authorities.  The address used for such
       such mail is configurable via the _m_a_i_l_t_o Defaults entry (described     mail is configurable via the _m_a_i_l_t_o Defaults entry (described later) and
       later) and defaults to root.     defaults to root.
   
       Note that mail will not be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run     Note that mail will not be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run ssuuddoo
       ssuuddoo with the --ll or --vv option.  This allows users to determine for     with the --ll or --vv option.  This allows users to determine for themselves
       themselves whether or not they are allowed to use ssuuddoo.     whether or not they are allowed to use ssuuddoo.
   
       If ssuuddoo is run by root and the SUDO_USER environment variable is set,     If ssuuddoo is run by root and the SUDO_USER environment variable is set, the
       the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy will use this value to determine who the actual user     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s policy will use this value to determine who the actual user is.
       is.  This can be used by a user to log commands through sudo even when     This can be used by a user to log commands through sudo even when a root
       a root shell has been invoked.  It also allows the --ee option to remain     shell has been invoked.  It also allows the --ee option to remain useful
       useful even when invoked via a sudo-run script or program.  Note,     even when invoked via a sudo-run script or program.  Note, however, that
       however, that the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s lookup is still done for root, not the user     the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s lookup is still done for root, not the user specified by
       specified by SUDO_USER.     SUDO_USER.
   
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s uses time stamp files for credential caching.  Once a user has     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s uses time stamp files for credential caching.  Once a user has
       been authenticated, a time stamp is updated and the user may then use     been authenticated, the time stamp is updated and the user may then use
       sudo without a password for a short period of time (5 minutes unless     sudo without a password for a short period of time (5 minutes unless
       overridden by the _t_i_m_e_o_u_t option.  By default, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s uses a tty-based     overridden by the _t_i_m_e_o_u_t option).  By default, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s uses a tty-based
       time stamp which means that there is a separate time stamp for each of     time stamp which means that there is a separate time stamp for each of a
       a user's login sessions.  The _t_t_y___t_i_c_k_e_t_s option can be disabled to     user's login sessions.  The _t_t_y___t_i_c_k_e_t_s option can be disabled to force
       force the use of a single time stamp for all of a user's sessions.     the use of a single time stamp for all of a user's sessions.
   
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as well as     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as well as
       errors) to _s_y_s_l_o_g(3), a log file, or both.  By default, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will     errors) to syslog(3), a log file, or both.  By default, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will log
       log via _s_y_s_l_o_g(3) but this is changeable via the _s_y_s_l_o_g and _l_o_g_f_i_l_e     via syslog(3) but this is changeable via the _s_y_s_l_o_g and _l_o_g_f_i_l_e Defaults
       Defaults settings.     settings.
   
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s also supports logging a command's input and output streams.     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s also supports logging a command's input and output streams.  I/O
       I/O logging is not on by default but can be enabled using the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t     logging is not on by default but can be enabled using the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t and
       and _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t Defaults flags as well as the LOG_INPUT and LOG_OUTPUT     _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t Defaults flags as well as the LOG_INPUT and LOG_OUTPUT command
       command tags.     tags.
   
   CCoommmmaanndd EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt   CCoommmmaanndd eennvviirroonnmmeenntt
       Since environment variables can influence program behavior, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s     Since environment variables can influence program behavior, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
       provides a means to restrict which variables from the user's     provides a means to restrict which variables from the user's environment
       environment are inherited by the command to be run.  There are two     are inherited by the command to be run.  There are two distinct ways
       distinct ways _s_u_d_o_e_r_s can deal with environment variables.     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s can deal with environment variables.
   
       By default, the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is enabled.  This causes commands to     By default, the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is enabled.  This causes commands to be
       be executed with a new, minimal environment.  On AIX (and Linux systems     executed with a new, minimal environment.  On AIX (and Linux systems
       without PAM), the environment is initialized with the contents of the     without PAM), the environment is initialized with the contents of the
       _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t file.  On BSD systems, if the _u_s_e___l_o_g_i_n_c_l_a_s_s option is     _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t file.  On BSD systems, if the _u_s_e___l_o_g_i_n_c_l_a_s_s option is
       enabled, the environment is initialized based on the _p_a_t_h and _s_e_t_e_n_v     enabled, the environment is initialized based on the _p_a_t_h and _s_e_t_e_n_v
       settings in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f.  The new environment contains the TERM,     settings in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f.  The new environment contains the TERM,
       PATH, HOME, MAIL, SHELL, LOGNAME, USER, USERNAME and SUDO_* variables     PATH, HOME, MAIL, SHELL, LOGNAME, USER, USERNAME and SUDO_* variables in
       in addition to variables from the invoking process permitted by the     addition to variables from the invoking process permitted by the
       _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___k_e_e_p options.  This is effectively a whitelist for     _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___k_e_e_p options.  This is effectively a whitelist for
       environment variables.     environment variables.
   
       If, however, the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is disabled, any variables not     If, however, the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is disabled, any variables not
       explicitly denied by the _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e options are inherited     explicitly denied by the _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e options are inherited
       from the invoking process.  In this case, _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e     from the invoking process.  In this case, _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k and _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e behave
       behave like a blacklist.  Since it is not possible to blacklist all     like a blacklist.  Since it is not possible to blacklist all potentially
       potentially dangerous environment variables, use of the default     dangerous environment variables, use of the default _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t behavior is
       _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t behavior is encouraged.     encouraged.
   
       In all cases, environment variables with a value beginning with () are     In all cases, environment variables with a value beginning with () are
       removed as they could be interpreted as bbaasshh functions.  The list of     removed as they could be interpreted as bbaasshh functions.  The list of
       environment variables that ssuuddoo allows or denies is contained in the     environment variables that ssuuddoo allows or denies is contained in the
       output of sudo -V when run as root.     output of ``sudo -V'' when run as root.
   
       Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems will remove     Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems will remove
       variables that can control dynamic linking from the environment of     variables that can control dynamic linking from the environment of setuid
       setuid executables, including ssuuddoo.  Depending on the operating system     executables, including ssuuddoo.  Depending on the operating system this may
       this may include _RLD*, DYLD_*, LD_*, LDR_*, LIBPATH, SHLIB_PATH, and     include _RLD*, DYLD_*, LD_*, LDR_*, LIBPATH, SHLIB_PATH, and others.
       others.  These type of variables are removed from the environment     These type of variables are removed from the environment before ssuuddoo even
       before ssuuddoo even begins execution and, as such, it is not possible for     begins execution and, as such, it is not possible for ssuuddoo to preserve
       ssuuddoo to preserve them.     them.
   
       As a special case, if ssuuddoo's --ii option (initial login) is specified,     As a special case, if ssuuddoo's --ii option (initial login) is specified,
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will initialize the environment regardless of the value of     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will initialize the environment regardless of the value of
       _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t.  The _D_I_S_P_L_A_Y, _P_A_T_H and _T_E_R_M variables remain unchanged;     _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t.  The DISPLAY, PATH and TERM variables remain unchanged; HOME,
       _H_O_M_E, _M_A_I_L, _S_H_E_L_L, _U_S_E_R, and _L_O_G_N_A_M_E are set based on the target user.     MAIL, SHELL, USER, and LOGNAME are set based on the target user.  On AIX
       On AIX (and Linux systems without PAM), the contents of     (and Linux systems without PAM), the contents of _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t are
       _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t are also included.  On BSD systems, if the     also included.  On BSD systems, if the _u_s_e___l_o_g_i_n_c_l_a_s_s option is enabled,
       _u_s_e___l_o_g_i_n_c_l_a_s_s option is enabled, the _p_a_t_h and _s_e_t_e_n_v variables in     the _p_a_t_h and _s_e_t_e_n_v variables in _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f are also applied.  All
       _/_e_t_c_/_l_o_g_i_n_._c_o_n_f are also applied.  All other environment variables are     other environment variables are removed.
       removed. 
   
       Finally, if the _e_n_v___f_i_l_e option is defined, any variables present in     Finally, if the _e_n_v___f_i_l_e option is defined, any variables present in that
       that file will be set to their specified values as long as they would     file will be set to their specified values as long as they would not
       not conflict with an existing environment variable.     conflict with an existing environment variable.
   
 SSUUDDOOEERRSS FFIILLEE FFOORRMMAATT  SSUUDDOOEERRSS FFIILLEE FFOORRMMAATT
       The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file is composed of two types of entries: aliases     The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file is composed of two types of entries: aliases (basically
       (basically variables) and user specifications (which specify who may     variables) and user specifications (which specify who may run what).
       run what). 
   
       When multiple entries match for a user, they are applied in order.     When multiple entries match for a user, they are applied in order.  Where
       Where there are multiple matches, the last match is used (which is not     there are multiple matches, the last match is used (which is not
       necessarily the most specific match).     necessarily the most specific match).
   
       The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s grammar will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur     The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s grammar will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form
       Form (EBNF).  Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is; it is     (EBNF).  Don't despair if you are unfamiliar with EBNF; it is fairly
       fairly simple, and the definitions below are annotated.     simple, and the definitions below are annotated.
   
    QQuuiicckk gguuiiddee ttoo EEBBNNFF     QQuuiicckk gguuiiddee ttoo EEBBNNFF
       EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a     EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
       language.  Each EBNF definition is made up of _p_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _r_u_l_e_s.  E.g.,     Each EBNF definition is made up of _p_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _r_u_l_e_s.  E.g.,
   
        symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...     symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
   
       Each _p_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _r_u_l_e references others and thus makes up a grammar for     Each _p_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _r_u_l_e references others and thus makes up a grammar for
       the language.  EBNF also contains the following operators, which many     the language.  EBNF also contains the following operators, which many
       readers will recognize from regular expressions.  Do not, however,     readers will recognize from regular expressions.  Do not, however,
       confuse them with "wildcard" characters, which have different meanings.     confuse them with ``wildcard'' characters, which have different meanings.
   
       ?   Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.     ?     Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.
            That is, it may appear once or not at all.             That is, it may appear once or not at all.
   
       *   Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear     *     Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
            zero or more times.             zero or more times.
   
       +   Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear     +     Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
            one or more times.             one or more times.
   
       Parentheses may be used to group symbols together.  For clarity, we     Parentheses may be used to group symbols together.  For clarity, we will
       will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character     use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character string
       string (as opposed to a symbol name).     (as opposed to a symbol name).
   
    AAlliiaasseess     AAlliiaasseess
       There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias     There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and
       and Cmnd_Alias.     Cmnd_Alias.
   
        Alias ::= 'User_Alias'  User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |     Alias ::= 'User_Alias'  User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
                  'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |               'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
                  'Host_Alias'  Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |               'Host_Alias'  Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
                  'Cmnd_Alias'  Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*               'Cmnd_Alias'  Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
   
        User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List     User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
   
        Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List     Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List
   
        Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List     Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
   
        Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List     Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List
   
        NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*     NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*
   
       Each _a_l_i_a_s definition is of the form     Each _a_l_i_a_s definition is of the form
   
        Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...     Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
   
       where _A_l_i_a_s___T_y_p_e is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias, or     where _A_l_i_a_s___T_y_p_e is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias, or
       Cmnd_Alias.  A NAME is a string of uppercase letters, numbers, and     Cmnd_Alias.  A NAME is a string of uppercase letters, numbers, and
       underscore characters ('_').  A NAME mmuusstt start with an uppercase     underscore characters (`_').  A NAME mmuusstt start with an uppercase letter.
       letter.  It is possible to put several alias definitions of the same     It is possible to put several alias definitions of the same type on a
       type on a single line, joined by a colon (':').  E.g.,     single line, joined by a colon (`:').  E.g.,
   
        Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5     Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
   
       The definitions of what constitutes a valid _a_l_i_a_s member follow.     The definitions of what constitutes a valid _a_l_i_a_s member follow.
   
        User_List ::= User |     User_List ::= User |
                      User ',' User_List                   User ',' User_List
   
        User ::= '!'* user name |     User ::= '!'* user name |
                 '!'* #uid |              '!'* #uid |
                 '!'* %group |              '!'* %group |
                 '!'* %#gid |              '!'* %#gid |
                 '!'* +netgroup |              '!'* +netgroup |
                 '!'* %:nonunix_group |              '!'* %:nonunix_group |
                 '!'* %:#nonunix_gid |              '!'* %:#nonunix_gid |
                 '!'* User_Alias              '!'* User_Alias
   
       A User_List is made up of one or more user names, user ids (prefixed     A User_List is made up of one or more user names, user ids (prefixed with
       with '#'), system group names and ids (prefixed with '%' and '%#'     `#'), system group names and ids (prefixed with `%' and `%#'
       respectively), netgroups (prefixed with '+'), non-Unix group names and     respectively), netgroups (prefixed with `+'), non-Unix group names and
       IDs (prefixed with '%:' and '%:#' respectively) and User_Aliases.  Each     IDs (prefixed with `%:' and `%:#' respectively) and User_Aliases. Each
       list item may be prefixed with zero or more '!' operators.  An odd     list item may be prefixed with zero or more `!' operators.  An odd number
       number of '!' operators negate the value of the item; an even number     of `!' operators negate the value of the item; an even number just cancel
       just cancel each other out.     each other out.
   
       A user name, uid, group, gid, netgroup, nonunix_group or nonunix_gid     A user name, uid, group, gid, netgroup, nonunix_group or nonunix_gid may
       may be enclosed in double quotes to avoid the need for escaping special     be enclosed in double quotes to avoid the need for escaping special
       characters.  Alternately, special characters may be specified in     characters.  Alternately, special characters may be specified in escaped
       escaped hex mode, e.g. \x20 for space.  When using double quotes, any     hex mode, e.g. \x20 for space.  When using double quotes, any prefix
       prefix characters must be included inside the quotes.     characters must be included inside the quotes.
   
       The actual nonunix_group and nonunix_gid syntax depends on the     The actual nonunix_group and nonunix_gid syntax depends on the underlying
       underlying group provider plugin (see the _g_r_o_u_p___p_l_u_g_i_n description     group provider plugin (see the _g_r_o_u_p___p_l_u_g_i_n description below).  For
       below).  For instance, the QAS AD plugin supports the following     instance, the QAS AD plugin supports the following formats:
       formats: 
   
       o   Group in the same domain: "Group Name"     oo     Group in the same domain: "%:Group Name"
   
       o   Group in any domain: "Group Name@FULLY.QUALIFIED.DOMAIN"     oo     Group in any domain: "%:Group Name@FULLY.QUALIFIED.DOMAIN"
   
       o   Group SID: "S-1-2-34-5678901234-5678901234-5678901234-567"     oo     Group SID: "%:S-1-2-34-5678901234-5678901234-5678901234-567"
   
       Note that quotes around group names are optional.  Unquoted strings     Note that quotes around group names are optional.  Unquoted strings must
       must use a backslash (\) to escape spaces and special characters.  See     use a backslash (`\') to escape spaces and special characters.  See _O_t_h_e_r
       "Other special characters and reserved words" for a list of characters     _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s _a_n_d _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s for a list of characters that need
       that need to be escaped.     to be escaped.
   
        Runas_List ::= Runas_Member |     Runas_List ::= Runas_Member |
                       Runas_Member ',' Runas_List                    Runas_Member ',' Runas_List
   
        Runas_Member ::= '!'* user name |     Runas_Member ::= '!'* user name |
                         '!'* #uid |                      '!'* #uid |
                         '!'* %group |                      '!'* %group |
                         '!'* %#gid |                      '!'* %#gid |
                         '!'* %:nonunix_group |                      '!'* %:nonunix_group |
                         '!'* %:#nonunix_gid |                      '!'* %:#nonunix_gid |
                         '!'* +netgroup |                      '!'* +netgroup |
                         '!'* Runas_Alias                      '!'* Runas_Alias
   
       A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that instead of     A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that instead of
       User_Aliases it can contain Runas_Aliases.  Note that user names and     User_Aliases it can contain Runas_Aliases.  Note that user names and
       groups are matched as strings.  In other words, two users (groups) with     groups are matched as strings.  In other words, two users (groups) with
       the same uid (gid) are considered to be distinct.  If you wish to match     the same uid (gid) are considered to be distinct.  If you wish to match
       all user names with the same uid (e.g. root and toor), you can use a     all user names with the same uid (e.g. root and toor), you can use a uid
       uid instead (#0 in the example given).     instead (#0 in the example given).
   
        Host_List ::= Host |     Host_List ::= Host |
                      Host ',' Host_List                   Host ',' Host_List
   
        Host ::= '!'* host name |     Host ::= '!'* host name |
                 '!'* ip_addr |              '!'* ip_addr |
                 '!'* network(/netmask)? |              '!'* network(/netmask)? |
                 '!'* +netgroup |              '!'* +netgroup |
                 '!'* Host_Alias              '!'* Host_Alias
   
       A Host_List is made up of one or more host names, IP addresses, network     A Host_List is made up of one or more host names, IP addresses, network
       numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases.  Again, the     numbers, netgroups (prefixed with `+') and other aliases.  Again, the
       value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator.  If you do not     value of an item may be negated with the `!' operator.  If you do not
       specify a netmask along with the network number, ssuuddoo will query each     specify a netmask along with the network number, ssuuddoo will query each of
       of the local host's network interfaces and, if the network number     the local host's network interfaces and, if the network number
       corresponds to one of the hosts's network interfaces, the corresponding     corresponds to one of the hosts's network interfaces, the corresponding
       netmask will be used.  The netmask may be specified either in standard     netmask will be used.  The netmask may be specified either in standard IP
       IP address notation (e.g. 255.255.255.0 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::), or     address notation (e.g. 255.255.255.0 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::), or CIDR
       CIDR notation (number of bits, e.g. 24 or 64).  A host name may include     notation (number of bits, e.g. 24 or 64).  A host name may include shell-
       shell-style wildcards (see the Wildcards section below), but unless the     style wildcards (see the _W_i_l_d_c_a_r_d_s section below), but unless the host
       host name command on your machine returns the fully qualified host     name command on your machine returns the fully qualified host name,
       name, you'll need to use the _f_q_d_n option for wildcards to be useful.     you'll need to use the _f_q_d_n option for wildcards to be useful.  Note that
       Note ssuuddoo only inspects actual network interfaces; this means that IP     ssuuddoo only inspects actual network interfaces; this means that IP address
       address 127.0.0.1 (localhost) will never match.  Also, the host name     127.0.0.1 (localhost) will never match.  Also, the host name
       "localhost" will only match if that is the actual host name, which is     ``localhost'' will only match if that is the actual host name, which is
       usually only the case for non-networked systems.     usually only the case for non-networked systems.
   
        Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |     Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
                      Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List                   Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
   
        commandname ::= file name |     command name ::= file name |
                        file name args |                      file name args |
                        file name '""'                      file name '""'
   
        Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |     Cmnd ::= '!'* command name |
                 '!'* directory |              '!'* directory |
                 '!'* "sudoedit" |              '!'* "sudoedit" |
                 '!'* Cmnd_Alias              '!'* Cmnd_Alias
   
       A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and     A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more command names, directories, and
       other aliases.  A commandname is a fully qualified file name which may     other aliases.  A command name is a fully qualified file name which may
       include shell-style wildcards (see the Wildcards section below).  A     include shell-style wildcards (see the _W_i_l_d_c_a_r_d_s section below).  A
       simple file name allows the user to run the command with any arguments     simple file name allows the user to run the command with any arguments
       he/she wishes.  However, you may also specify command line arguments     he/she wishes.  However, you may also specify command line arguments
       (including wildcards).  Alternately, you can specify "" to indicate     (including wildcards).  Alternately, you can specify "" to indicate that
       that the command may only be run wwiitthhoouutt command line arguments.  A     the command may only be run wwiitthhoouutt command line arguments.  A directory
       directory is a fully qualified path name ending in a '/'.  When you     is a fully qualified path name ending in a `/'.  When you specify a
       specify a directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any     directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file within
       file within that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein).     that directory (but not in any sub-directories therein).
   
       If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in     If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in
       the Cmnd must match exactly those given by the user on the command line     the Cmnd must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
       (or match the wildcards if there are any).  Note that the following     (or match the wildcards if there are any).  Note that the following
       characters must be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command     characters must be escaped with a `\' if they are used in command
       arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\'.  The special command "sudoedit" is used     arguments: `,', `:', `=', `\'.  The special command ``sudoedit'' is used
       to permit a user to run ssuuddoo with the --ee option (or as ssuuddooeeddiitt).  It     to permit a user to run ssuuddoo with the --ee option (or as ssuuddooeeddiitt).  It may
       may take command line arguments just as a normal command does.     take command line arguments just as a normal command does.
   
    DDeeffaauullttss     DDeeffaauullttss
       Certain configuration options may be changed from their default values     Certain configuration options may be changed from their default values at
       at runtime via one or more Default_Entry lines.  These may affect all     run-time via one or more Default_Entry lines.  These may affect all users
       users on any host, all users on a specific host, a specific user, a     on any host, all users on a specific host, a specific user, a specific
       specific command, or commands being run as a specific user.  Note that     command, or commands being run as a specific user.  Note that per-command
       per-command entries may not include command line arguments.  If you     entries may not include command line arguments.  If you need to specify
       need to specify arguments, define a Cmnd_Alias and reference that     arguments, define a Cmnd_Alias and reference that instead.
       instead. 
   
        Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' |     Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' |
                         'Defaults' '@' Host_List |                      'Defaults' '@' Host_List |
                         'Defaults' ':' User_List |                      'Defaults' ':' User_List |
                         'Defaults' '!' Cmnd_List |                      'Defaults' '!' Cmnd_List |
                         'Defaults' '>' Runas_List                      'Defaults' '>' Runas_List
   
        Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List     Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List
   
        Parameter_List ::= Parameter |     Parameter_List ::= Parameter |
                           Parameter ',' Parameter_List                        Parameter ',' Parameter_List
   
        Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value |     Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value |
                      Parameter '+=' Value |                   Parameter '+=' Value |
                      Parameter '-=' Value |                   Parameter '-=' Value |
                      '!'* Parameter                   '!'* Parameter
   
       Parameters may be ffllaaggss, iinntteeggeerr values, ssttrriinnggss, or lliissttss.  Flags are     Parameters may be ffllaaggss, iinntteeggeerr values, ssttrriinnggss, or lliissttss.  Flags are
       implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the '!'  operator.  Some     implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the `!' operator.  Some
       integer, string and list parameters may also be used in a boolean     integer, string and list parameters may also be used in a boolean context
       context to disable them.  Values may be enclosed in double quotes (")     to disable them.  Values may be enclosed in double quotes ("") when they
       when they contain multiple words.  Special characters may be escaped     contain multiple words.  Special characters may be escaped with a
       with a backslash (\).     backslash (`\').
   
       Lists have two additional assignment operators, += and -=.  These     Lists have two additional assignment operators, += and -=.  These
       operators are used to add to and delete from a list respectively.  It     operators are used to add to and delete from a list respectively.  It is
       is not an error to use the -= operator to remove an element that does     not an error to use the -= operator to remove an element that does not
       not exist in a list.     exist in a list.
   
       Defaults entries are parsed in the following order: generic, host and     Defaults entries are parsed in the following order: generic, host and
       user Defaults first, then runas Defaults and finally command defaults.     user Defaults first, then runas Defaults and finally command defaults.
   
       See "SUDOERS OPTIONS" for a list of supported Defaults parameters.     See _S_U_D_O_E_R_S _O_P_T_I_O_N_S for a list of supported Defaults parameters.
   
   UUsseerr SSppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn   UUsseerr ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn
        User_Spec ::= User_List Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \     User_Spec ::= User_List Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \
                      (':' Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List)*                   (':' Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List)*
   
        Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |     Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
                           Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List                        Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
   
        Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? SELinux_Spec? Tag_Spec* Cmnd     Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? SELinux_Spec? Solaris_Priv_Spec? Tag_Spec* Cmnd
   
        Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List? (':' Runas_List)? ')'     Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List? (':' Runas_List)? ')'
   
        SELinux_Spec ::= ('ROLE=role' | 'TYPE=type')     SELinux_Spec ::= ('ROLE=role' | 'TYPE=type')
   
        Tag_Spec ::= ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:' | 'NOEXEC:' | 'EXEC:' |     Solaris_Priv_Spec ::= ('PRIVS=privset' | 'LIMITPRIVS=privset')
                      'SETENV:' | 'NOSETENV:' | 'LOG_INPUT:' | 'NOLOG_INPUT:' | 
                      'LOG_OUTPUT:' | 'NOLOG_OUTPUT:') 
   
       A uusseerr ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn determines which commands a user may run (and as     Tag_Spec ::= ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:' | 'NOEXEC:' | 'EXEC:' |
       what user) on specified hosts.  By default, commands are run as rroooott,                   'SETENV:' | 'NOSETENV:' | 'LOG_INPUT:' | 'NOLOG_INPUT:' |
       but this can be changed on a per-command basis.                   'LOG_OUTPUT:' | 'NOLOG_OUTPUT:')
   
       The basic structure of a user specification is `who where = (as_whom)     A uusseerr ssppeecciiffiiccaattiioonn determines which commands a user may run (and as
       what'.  Let's break that down into its constituent parts:     what user) on specified hosts.  By default, commands are run as rroooott, but
      this can be changed on a per-command basis.
   
        The basic structure of a user specification is ``who where = (as_whom)
        what''.  Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
   
    RRuunnaass__SSppeecc     RRuunnaass__SSppeecc
       A Runas_Spec determines the user and/or the group that a command may be     A Runas_Spec determines the user and/or the group that a command may be
       run as.  A fully-specified Runas_Spec consists of two Runas_Lists (as     run as.  A fully-specified Runas_Spec consists of two Runas_Lists (as
       defined above) separated by a colon (':') and enclosed in a set of     defined above) separated by a colon (`:') and enclosed in a set of
       parentheses.  The first Runas_List indicates which users the command     parentheses.  The first Runas_List indicates which users the command may
       may be run as via ssuuddoo's --uu option.  The second defines a list of     be run as via ssuuddoo's --uu option.  The second defines a list of groups that
       groups that can be specified via ssuuddoo's --gg option.  If both Runas_Lists     can be specified via ssuuddoo's --gg option.  If both Runas_Lists are
       are specified, the command may be run with any combination of users and     specified, the command may be run with any combination of users and
       groups listed in their respective Runas_Lists.  If only the first is     groups listed in their respective Runas_Lists. If only the first is
       specified, the command may be run as any user in the list but no --gg     specified, the command may be run as any user in the list but no --gg
       option may be specified.  If the first Runas_List is empty but the     option may be specified.  If the first Runas_List is empty but the second
       second is specified, the command may be run as the invoking user with     is specified, the command may be run as the invoking user with the group
       the group set to any listed in the Runas_List.  If no Runas_Spec is     set to any listed in the Runas_List.  If both Runas_Lists are empty, the
       specified the command may be run as rroooott and no group may be specified.     command may only be run as the invoking user.  If no Runas_Spec is
      specified the command may be run as rroooott and no group may be specified.
   
       A Runas_Spec sets the default for the commands that follow it.  What     A Runas_Spec sets the default for the commands that follow it.  What this
       this means is that for the entry:     means is that for the entry:
   
        dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm     dgb     boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
   
       The user ddggbb may run _/_b_i_n_/_l_s, _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l, and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m -- but only     The user ddggbb may run _/_b_i_n_/_l_s, _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l, and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m--but only as
       as ooppeerraattoorr.  E.g.,     ooppeerraattoorr.  E.g.,
   
        $ sudo -u operator /bin/ls     $ sudo -u operator /bin/ls
   
       It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in an entry.  If     It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in an entry.  If we
       we modify the entry like so:     modify the entry like so:
   
        dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm     dgb     boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
   
       Then user ddggbb is now allowed to run _/_b_i_n_/_l_s as ooppeerraattoorr, but  _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l     Then user ddggbb is now allowed to run _/_b_i_n_/_l_s as ooppeerraattoorr, but _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l
       and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m as rroooott.     and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m as rroooott.
   
       We can extend this to allow ddggbb to run /bin/ls with either the user or     We can extend this to allow ddggbb to run /bin/ls with either the user or
       group set to ooppeerraattoorr:     group set to ooppeerraattoorr:
   
        dgb    boulder = (operator : operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, \   
               /usr/bin/lprm             /usr/bin/lprm
   
       Note that while the group portion of the Runas_Spec permits the user to     Note that while the group portion of the Runas_Spec permits the user to
       run as command with that group, it does not force the user to do so.     run as command with that group, it does not force the user to do so.  If
       If no group is specified on the command line, the command will run with     no group is specified on the command line, the command will run with the
       the group listed in the target user's password database entry.  The     group listed in the target user's password database entry.  The following
       following would all be permitted by the sudoers entry above:     would all be permitted by the sudoers entry above:
   
        $ sudo -u operator /bin/ls     $ sudo -u operator /bin/ls
        $ sudo -u operator -g operator /bin/ls     $ sudo -u operator -g operator /bin/ls
        $ sudo -g operator /bin/ls     $ sudo -g operator /bin/ls
   
       In the following example, user ttccmm may run commands that access a modem     In the following example, user ttccmm may run commands that access a modem
       device file with the dialer group.     device file with the dialer group.
   
        tcm    boulder = (:dialer) /usr/bin/tip, /usr/bin/cu, \   
               /usr/local/bin/minicom             /usr/local/bin/minicom
   
       Note that in this example only the group will be set, the command still     Note that in this example only the group will be set, the command still
       runs as user ttccmm.  E.g.     runs as user ttccmm.  E.g.
   
        $ sudo -g dialer /usr/bin/cu     $ sudo -g dialer /usr/bin/cu
   
       Multiple users and groups may be present in a Runas_Spec, in which case     Multiple users and groups may be present in a Runas_Spec, in which case
       the user may select any combination of users and groups via the --uu and     the user may select any combination of users and groups via the --uu and --gg
       --gg options.  In this example:     options.  In this example:
   
        alan   ALL = (root, bin : operator, system) ALL     alan    ALL = (root, bin : operator, system) ALL
   
       user aallaann may run any command as either user root or bin, optionally     user aallaann may run any command as either user root or bin, optionally
       setting the group to operator or system.     setting the group to operator or system.
   
    SSEELLiinnuuxx__SSppeecc     SSEELLiinnuuxx__SSppeecc
       On systems with SELinux support, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries may optionally have an     On systems with SELinux support, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries may optionally have an
       SELinux role and/or type associated with a command.  If a role or type     SELinux role and/or type associated with a command.  If a role or type is
       is specified with the command it will override any default values     specified with the command it will override any default values specified
       specified in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  A role or type specified on the command line,     in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  A role or type specified on the command line, however, will
       however, will supercede the values in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.     supersede the values in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.
   
      SSoollaarriiss__PPrriivv__SSppeecc
        On Solaris systems, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries may optionally specify Solaris
        privilege set and/or limit privilege set associated with a command.  If
        privileges or limit privileges are specified with the command it will
        override any default values specified in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.
   
        A privilege set is a comma-separated list of privilege names.  The
        ppriv(1) command can be used to list all privileges known to the system.
        For example:
   
        $ ppriv -l
   
        In addition, there are several ``special'' privilege strings:
   
        none      the empty set
   
        all       the set of all privileges
   
        zone      the set of all privileges available in the current zone
   
        basic     the default set of privileges normal users are granted at login
                  time
   
        Privileges can be excluded from a set by prefixing the privilege name
        with either an `!' or `-' character.
   
    TTaagg__SSppeecc     TTaagg__SSppeecc
       A command may have zero or more tags associated with it.  There are     A command may have zero or more tags associated with it.  There are ten
       eight possible tag values, NOPASSWD, PASSWD, NOEXEC, EXEC, SETENV,     possible tag values: NOPASSWD, PASSWD, NOEXEC, EXEC, SETENV, NOSETENV,
       NOSETENV, LOG_INPUT, NOLOG_INPUT, LOG_OUTPUT and NOLOG_OUTPUT.  Once a     LOG_INPUT, NOLOG_INPUT, LOG_OUTPUT and NOLOG_OUTPUT.  Once a tag is set
       tag is set on a Cmnd, subsequent Cmnds in the Cmnd_Spec_List, inherit     on a Cmnd, subsequent Cmnds in the Cmnd_Spec_List, inherit the tag unless
       the tag unless it is overridden by the opposite tag (i.e.: PASSWD     it is overridden by the opposite tag (in other words, PASSWD overrides
       overrides NOPASSWD and NOEXEC overrides EXEC).     NOPASSWD and NOEXEC overrides EXEC).
   
       _N_O_P_A_S_S_W_D _a_n_d _P_A_S_S_W_D     _N_O_P_A_S_S_W_D _a_n_d _P_A_S_S_W_D
   
       By default, ssuuddoo requires that a user authenticate him or herself     By default, ssuuddoo requires that a user authenticate him or herself before
       before running a command.  This behavior can be modified via the     running a command.  This behavior can be modified via the NOPASSWD tag.
       NOPASSWD tag.  Like a Runas_Spec, the NOPASSWD tag sets a default for     Like a Runas_Spec, the NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that
       the commands that follow it in the Cmnd_Spec_List.  Conversely, the     follow it in the Cmnd_Spec_List.  Conversely, the PASSWD tag can be used
       PASSWD tag can be used to reverse things.  For example:     to reverse things.  For example:
   
        ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm     ray     rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
   
       would allow the user rraayy to run _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l, _/_b_i_n_/_l_s, and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m     would allow the user rraayy to run _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l, _/_b_i_n_/_l_s, and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_p_r_m as
       as rroooott on the machine rushmore without authenticating himself.  If we     rroooott on the machine rushmore without authenticating himself.  If we only
       only want rraayy to be able to run _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l without a password the entry     want rraayy to be able to run _/_b_i_n_/_k_i_l_l without a password the entry would
       would be:     be:
   
        ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm     ray     rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
   
       Note, however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users who are in     Note, however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users who are in the
       the group specified by the _e_x_e_m_p_t___g_r_o_u_p option.     group specified by the _e_x_e_m_p_t___g_r_o_u_p option.
   
       By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of the entries for a     By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of the entries for a
       user on the current host, he or she will be able to run sudo -l without     user on the current host, he or she will be able to run ``sudo -l''
       a password.  Additionally, a user may only run sudo -v without a     without a password.  Additionally, a user may only run ``sudo -v''
       password if the NOPASSWD tag is present for all a user's entries that     without a password if the NOPASSWD tag is present for all a user's
       pertain to the current host.  This behavior may be overridden via the     entries that pertain to the current host.  This behavior may be
       verifypw and listpw options.     overridden via the _v_e_r_i_f_y_p_w and _l_i_s_t_p_w options.
   
       _N_O_E_X_E_C _a_n_d _E_X_E_C     _N_O_E_X_E_C _a_n_d _E_X_E_C
   
       If ssuuddoo has been compiled with _n_o_e_x_e_c support and the underlying     If ssuuddoo has been compiled with _n_o_e_x_e_c support and the underlying
       operating system supports it, the NOEXEC tag can be used to prevent a     operating system supports it, the NOEXEC tag can be used to prevent a
       dynamically-linked executable from running further commands itself.     dynamically-linked executable from running further commands itself.
   
       In the following example, user aaaarroonn may run _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_m_o_r_e and     In the following example, user aaaarroonn may run _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_m_o_r_e and
       _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_v_i but shell escapes will be disabled.     _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_v_i but shell escapes will be disabled.
   
        aaron  shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi     aaron   shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi
   
       See the "Preventing Shell Escapes" section below for more details on     See the _P_r_e_v_e_n_t_i_n_g _s_h_e_l_l _e_s_c_a_p_e_s section below for more details on how
       how NOEXEC works and whether or not it will work on your system.     NOEXEC works and whether or not it will work on your system.
   
       _S_E_T_E_N_V _a_n_d _N_O_S_E_T_E_N_V     _S_E_T_E_N_V _a_n_d _N_O_S_E_T_E_N_V
   
       These tags override the value of the _s_e_t_e_n_v option on a per-command     These tags override the value of the _s_e_t_e_n_v option on a per-command
       basis.  Note that if SETENV has been set for a command, the user may     basis.  Note that if SETENV has been set for a command, the user may
       disable the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option from the command line via the --EE option.     disable the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option from the command line via the --EE option.
       Additionally, environment variables set on the command line are not     Additionally, environment variables set on the command line are not
       subject to the restrictions imposed by _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k, _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e, or     subject to the restrictions imposed by _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k, _e_n_v___d_e_l_e_t_e, or
       _e_n_v___k_e_e_p.  As such, only trusted users should be allowed to set     _e_n_v___k_e_e_p.  As such, only trusted users should be allowed to set variables
       variables in this manner.  If the command matched is AALLLL, the SETENV     in this manner.  If the command matched is AALLLL, the SETENV tag is implied
       tag is implied for that command; this default may be overridden by use     for that command; this default may be overridden by use of the NOSETENV
       of the NOSETENV tag.     tag.
   
       _L_O_G___I_N_P_U_T _a_n_d _N_O_L_O_G___I_N_P_U_T     _L_O_G___I_N_P_U_T _a_n_d _N_O_L_O_G___I_N_P_U_T
   
       These tags override the value of the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t option on a per-command     These tags override the value of the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t option on a per-command
       basis.  For more information, see the description of _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t in the     basis.  For more information, see the description of _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t in the
       "SUDOERS OPTIONS" section below.     _S_U_D_O_E_R_S _O_P_T_I_O_N_S section below.
   
       _L_O_G___O_U_T_P_U_T _a_n_d _N_O_L_O_G___O_U_T_P_U_T     _L_O_G___O_U_T_P_U_T _a_n_d _N_O_L_O_G___O_U_T_P_U_T
   
       These tags override the value of the _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t option on a per-command     These tags override the value of the _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t option on a per-command
       basis.  For more information, see the description of _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t in the     basis.  For more information, see the description of _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t in the
       "SUDOERS OPTIONS" section below.     _S_U_D_O_E_R_S _O_P_T_I_O_N_S section below.
   
    WWiillddccaarrddss     WWiillddccaarrddss
       ssuuddoo allows shell-style _w_i_l_d_c_a_r_d_s (aka meta or glob characters) to be     ssuuddoo allows shell-style _w_i_l_d_c_a_r_d_s (aka meta or glob characters) to be
       used in host names, path names and command line arguments in the     used in host names, path names and command line arguments in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.  Wildcard matching is done via the PPOOSSIIXX _g_l_o_b(3) and     file.  Wildcard matching is done via the PPOOSSIIXX glob(3) and fnmatch(3)
       _f_n_m_a_t_c_h(3) routines.  Note that these are _n_o_t regular expressions.     routines.  Note that these are _n_o_t regular expressions.
   
       *       Matches any set of zero or more characters.     *         Matches any set of zero or more characters.
   
       ?       Matches any single character.     ?         Matches any single character.
   
       [...]   Matches any character in the specified range.     [...]     Matches any character in the specified range.
   
       [!...]  Matches any character nnoott in the specified range.     [!...]    Matches any character nnoott in the specified range.
   
       \x      For any character "x", evaluates to "x".  This is used to     \x        For any character `x', evaluates to `x'.  This is used to
               escape special characters such as: "*", "?", "[", and "}".               escape special characters such as: `*', `?', `[', and `]'.
   
       POSIX character classes may also be used if your system's _g_l_o_b(3) and     POSIX character classes may also be used if your system's glob(3) and
       _f_n_m_a_t_c_h(3) functions support them.  However, because the ':' character     fnmatch(3) functions support them.  However, because the `:' character
       has special meaning in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, it must be escaped.  For example:     has special meaning in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, it must be escaped.  For example:
   
           /bin/ls [[\:alpha\:]]*         /bin/ls [[:alpha:]]*
   
       Would match any file name beginning with a letter.     Would match any file name beginning with a letter.
   
       Note that a forward slash ('/') will nnoott be matched by wildcards used     Note that a forward slash (`/') will nnoott be matched by wildcards used in
       in the path name.  When matching the command line arguments, however, a     the path name.  This is to make a path like:
       slash ddooeess get matched by wildcards.  This is to make a path like: 
   
           /usr/bin/*         /usr/bin/*
   
       match _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_w_h_o but not _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_X_1_1_/_x_t_e_r_m.     match _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_w_h_o but not _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_X_1_1_/_x_t_e_r_m.
   
        When matching the command line arguments, however, a slash ddooeess get
        matched by wildcards since command line arguments may contain arbitrary
        strings and not just path names.
   
        Wildcards in command line arguments should be used with care.  Because
        command line arguments are matched as a single, concatenated string, a
        wildcard such as `?' or `*' can match multiple words.  For example, while
        a sudoers entry like:
   
            %operator ALL = /bin/cat /var/log/messages*
   
        will allow command like:
   
            $ sudo cat /var/log/messages.1
   
        It will also allow:
   
            $ sudo cat /var/log/messages /etc/shadow
   
        which is probably not what was intended.
   
    EExxcceeppttiioonnss ttoo wwiillddccaarrdd rruulleess     EExxcceeppttiioonnss ttoo wwiillddccaarrdd rruulleess
       The following exceptions apply to the above rules:     The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
   
       ""      If the empty string "" is the only command line argument in the     ""        If the empty string "" is the only command line argument in the
                _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entry it means that command is not allowed to be run                 _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
                with aannyy arguments.                 with aannyy arguments.
   
        sudoedit  Command line arguments to the _s_u_d_o_e_d_i_t built-in command should
                  always be path names, so a forward slash (`/') will not be
                  matched by a wildcard.
   
    IInncclluuddiinngg ootthheerr ffiilleess ffrroomm wwiitthhiinn ssuuddooeerrss     IInncclluuddiinngg ootthheerr ffiilleess ffrroomm wwiitthhiinn ssuuddooeerrss
       It is possible to include other _s_u_d_o_e_r_s files from within the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s     It is possible to include other _s_u_d_o_e_r_s files from within the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
       file currently being parsed using the #include and #includedir     file currently being parsed using the #include and #includedir
       directives.     directives.
   
       This can be used, for example, to keep a site-wide _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file in     This can be used, for example, to keep a site-wide _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file in
       addition to a local, per-machine file.  For the sake of this example     addition to a local, per-machine file.  For the sake of this example the
       the site-wide _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will be _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s and the per-machine one will     site-wide _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will be _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s and the per-machine one will be
       be _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l.  To include _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l from within     _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l.  To include _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l from within
       _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s we would use the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s:     _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s we would use the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s:
   
           #include /etc/sudoers.local         #include /etc/sudoers.local
   
       When ssuuddoo reaches this line it will suspend processing of the current     When ssuuddoo reaches this line it will suspend processing of the current
       file (_/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s) and switch to _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l.  Upon reaching     file (_/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s) and switch to _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l.  Upon reaching the
       the end of _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l, the rest of _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s will be     end of _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l, the rest of _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s will be processed.
       processed.  Files that are included may themselves include other files.     Files that are included may themselves include other files.  A hard limit
       A hard limit of 128 nested include files is enforced to prevent include     of 128 nested include files is enforced to prevent include file loops.
       file loops. 
   
       If the path to the include file is not fully-qualified (does not begin     If the path to the include file is not fully-qualified (does not begin
       with a _/), it must be located in the same directory as the sudoers file     with a `/', it must be located in the same directory as the sudoers file
       it was included from.  For example, if _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s contains the line:     it was included from.  For example, if _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s contains the line:
   
           #include sudoers.local         #include sudoers.local
   
       the file that will be included is _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l.     the file that will be included is _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_o_c_a_l.
   
       The file name may also include the %h escape, signifying the short form     The file name may also include the %h escape, signifying the short form
       of the host name.  I.e., if the machine's host name is "xerxes", then     of the host name.  In other words, if the machine's host name is
      ``xerxes'', then
   
       #include /etc/sudoers.%h         #include /etc/sudoers.%h
   
       will cause ssuuddoo to include the file _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._x_e_r_x_e_s.     will cause ssuuddoo to include the file _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._x_e_r_x_e_s.
   
       The #includedir directive can be used to create a _s_u_d_o_._d directory that     The #includedir directive can be used to create a _s_u_d_o_._d directory that
       the system package manager can drop _s_u_d_o_e_r_s rules into as part of     the system package manager can drop _s_u_d_o_e_r_s rules into as part of package
       package installation.  For example, given:     installation.  For example, given:
   
       #includedir /etc/sudoers.d         #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
   
       ssuuddoo will read each file in _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d, skipping file names that     ssuuddoo will read each file in _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d, skipping file names that end
       end in ~ or contain a . character to avoid causing problems with     in `~' or contain a `.' character to avoid causing problems with package
       package manager or editor temporary/backup files.  Files are parsed in     manager or editor temporary/backup files.  Files are parsed in sorted
       sorted lexical order.  That is, _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_0_1___f_i_r_s_t will be parsed     lexical order.  That is, _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_0_1___f_i_r_s_t will be parsed before
       before _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_1_0___s_e_c_o_n_d.  Be aware that because the sorting is     _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_1_0___s_e_c_o_n_d.  Be aware that because the sorting is lexical,
       lexical, not numeric, _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_1___w_h_o_o_p_s would be loaded aafftteerr     not numeric, _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_1___w_h_o_o_p_s would be loaded aafftteerr
       _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_1_0___s_e_c_o_n_d.  Using a consistent number of leading zeroes     _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._d_/_1_0___s_e_c_o_n_d.  Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in
       in the file names can be used to avoid such problems.     the file names can be used to avoid such problems.
   
       Note that unlike files included via #include, vviissuuddoo will not edit the     Note that unlike files included via #include, vviissuuddoo will not edit the
       files in a #includedir directory unless one of them contains a syntax     files in a #includedir directory unless one of them contains a syntax
       error.  It is still possible to run vviissuuddoo with the -f flag to edit the     error.  It is still possible to run vviissuuddoo with the --ff flag to edit the
       files directly.     files directly.
   
    OOtthheerr ssppeecciiaall cchhaarraacctteerrss aanndd rreesseerrvveedd wwoorrddss     OOtthheerr ssppeecciiaall cchhaarraacctteerrss aanndd rreesseerrvveedd wwoorrddss
       The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it is part     The pound sign (`#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it is part of
       of a #include directive or unless it occurs in the context of a user     a #include directive or unless it occurs in the context of a user name
       name and is followed by one or more digits, in which case it is treated     and is followed by one or more digits, in which case it is treated as a
       as a uid).  Both the comment character and any text after it, up to the     uid).  Both the comment character and any text after it, up to the end of
       end of the line, are ignored.     the line, are ignored.
   
       The reserved word AALLLL is a built-in _a_l_i_a_s that always causes a match to     The reserved word AALLLL is a built-in _a_l_i_a_s that always causes a match to
       succeed.  It can be used wherever one might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias,     succeed.  It can be used wherever one might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias,
       User_Alias, Runas_Alias, or Host_Alias.  You should not try to define     User_Alias, Runas_Alias, or Host_Alias.  You should not try to define
       your own _a_l_i_a_s called AALLLL as the built-in alias will be used in     your own _a_l_i_a_s called AALLLL as the built-in alias will be used in
       preference to your own.  Please note that using AALLLL can be dangerous     preference to your own.  Please note that using AALLLL can be dangerous
       since in a command context, it allows the user to run aannyy command on     since in a command context, it allows the user to run aannyy command on the
       the system.     system.
   
       An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical _n_o_t operator both     An exclamation point (`!') can be used as a logical _n_o_t operator both in
       in an _a_l_i_a_s and in front of a Cmnd.  This allows one to exclude certain     an _a_l_i_a_s and in front of a Cmnd.  This allows one to exclude certain
       values.  Note, however, that using a ! in conjunction with the built-in     values.  Note, however, that using a `!' in conjunction with the built-in
       ALL alias to allow a user to run "all but a few" commands rarely works     AALLLL alias to allow a user to run ``all but a few'' commands rarely works
       as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).     as intended (see _S_E_C_U_R_I_T_Y _N_O_T_E_S below).
   
       Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\') as the last     Long lines can be continued with a backslash (`\') as the last character
       character on the line.     on the line.
   
       Whitespace between elements in a list as well as special syntactic     White space between elements in a list as well as special syntactic
       characters in a _U_s_e_r _S_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional.     characters in a _U_s_e_r _S_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n (`=', `:', `(', `)') is optional.
   
       The following characters must be escaped with a backslash ('\') when     The following characters must be escaped with a backslash (`\') when used
       used as part of a word (e.g. a user name or host name): '!', '=', ':',     as part of a word (e.g. a user name or host name): `!', `=', `:', `,',
       ',', '(', ')', '\'.     `(', `)', `\'.
   
 SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       ssuuddoo's behavior can be modified by Default_Entry lines, as explained     ssuuddoo's behavior can be modified by Default_Entry lines, as explained
       earlier.  A list of all supported Defaults parameters, grouped by type,     earlier.  A list of all supported Defaults parameters, grouped by type,
       are listed below.     are listed below.
   
       BBoooolleeaann FFllaaggss:     BBoooolleeaann FFllaaggss:
   
       always_set_home If enabled, ssuuddoo will set the HOME environment variable     always_set_home   If enabled, ssuuddoo will set the HOME environment variable
                        to the home directory of the target user (which is root                         to the home directory of the target user (which is root
                        unless the --uu option is used).  This effectively means                         unless the --uu option is used).  This effectively means
                        that the --HH option is always implied.  Note that HOME                         that the --HH option is always implied.  Note that HOME
Line 655  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS Line 701  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
                        HOME is present in the _e_n_v___k_e_e_p list.  This flag is _o_f_f                         HOME is present in the _e_n_v___k_e_e_p list.  This flag is _o_f_f
                        by default.                         by default.
   
       authenticate    If set, users must authenticate themselves via a     authenticate      If set, users must authenticate themselves via a
                        password (or other means of authentication) before they                         password (or other means of authentication) before they
                        may run commands.  This default may be overridden via                         may run commands.  This default may be overridden via
                        the PASSWD and NOPASSWD tags.  This flag is _o_n by                         the PASSWD and NOPASSWD tags.  This flag is _o_n by
                        default.                         default.
   
       closefrom_override     closefrom_override
                        If set, the user may use ssuuddoo's --CC option which                         If set, the user may use ssuuddoo's --CC option which
                        overrides the default starting point at which ssuuddoo                         overrides the default starting point at which ssuuddoo
                        begins closing open file descriptors.  This flag is _o_f_f                         begins closing open file descriptors.  This flag is _o_f_f
                        by default.                         by default.
   
       compress_io     If set, and ssuuddoo is configured to log a command's input     compress_io       If set, and ssuuddoo is configured to log a command's input
                        or output, the I/O logs will be compressed using zzlliibb.                         or output, the I/O logs will be compressed using zzlliibb.
                        This flag is _o_n by default when ssuuddoo is compiled with                         This flag is _o_n by default when ssuuddoo is compiled with
                        zzlliibb support.                         zzlliibb support.
   
       env_editor      If set, vviissuuddoo will use the value of the EDITOR or     env_editor        If set, vviissuuddoo will use the value of the EDITOR or
                        VISUAL environment variables before falling back on the                         VISUAL environment variables before falling back on the
                        default editor list.  Note that this may create a                         default editor list.  Note that this may create a
                        security hole as it allows the user to run any                         security hole as it allows the user to run any
Line 682  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS Line 728  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
                        use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a value                         use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a value
                        specified in editor.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         specified in editor.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       env_reset       If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a minimal     env_reset         If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a minimal
                        environment containing the TERM, PATH, HOME, MAIL,                         environment containing the TERM, PATH, HOME, MAIL,
                        SHELL, LOGNAME, USER, USERNAME and SUDO_* variables.                         SHELL, LOGNAME, USER, USERNAME and SUDO_* variables.
                        Any variables in the caller's environment that match                         Any variables in the caller's environment that match
Line 690  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS Line 736  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
                        followed by any variables present in the file specified                         followed by any variables present in the file specified
                        by the _e_n_v___f_i_l_e option (if any).  The default contents                         by the _e_n_v___f_i_l_e option (if any).  The default contents
                        of the env_keep and env_check lists are displayed when                         of the env_keep and env_check lists are displayed when
                       ssuuddoo is run by root with the _-_V option.  If the                       ssuuddoo is run by root with the --VV option.  If the
                        _s_e_c_u_r_e___p_a_t_h option is set, its value will be used for                         _s_e_c_u_r_e___p_a_t_h option is set, its value will be used for
                        the PATH environment variable.  This flag is _o_n by                         the PATH environment variable.  This flag is _o_n by
                        default.                         default.
   
       fast_glob       Normally, ssuuddoo uses the _g_l_o_b(3) function to do shell-     fast_glob         Normally, ssuuddoo uses the glob(3) function to do shell-
                        style globbing when matching path names.  However,                         style globbing when matching path names.  However,
                       since it accesses the file system, _g_l_o_b(3) can take a                       since it accesses the file system, glob(3) can take a
                        long time to complete for some patterns, especially                         long time to complete for some patterns, especially
                        when the pattern references a network file system that                         when the pattern references a network file system that
                       is mounted on demand (automounted).  The _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b                       is mounted on demand (auto mounted).  The _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b
                       option causes ssuuddoo to use the _f_n_m_a_t_c_h(3) function,                       option causes ssuuddoo to use the fnmatch(3) function,
                        which does not access the file system to do its                         which does not access the file system to do its
                        matching.  The disadvantage of _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b is that it is                         matching.  The disadvantage of _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b is that it is
                        unable to match relative path names such as _._/_l_s or                         unable to match relative path names such as _._/_l_s or
                        _._._/_b_i_n_/_l_s.  This has security implications when path                         _._._/_b_i_n_/_l_s.  This has security implications when path
                        names that include globbing characters are used with                         names that include globbing characters are used with
                       the negation operator, '!', as such rules can be                       the negation operator, `!', as such rules can be
                        trivially bypassed.  As such, this option should not be                         trivially bypassed.  As such, this option should not be
                        used when _s_u_d_o_e_r_s contains rules that contain negated                         used when _s_u_d_o_e_r_s contains rules that contain negated
                        path names which include globbing characters.  This                         path names which include globbing characters.  This
                        flag is _o_f_f by default.                         flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       fqdn            Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified host     fqdn              Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified host
                       names in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.  I.e., instead of myhost you                       names in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file when the local host name (as
                        returned by the hostname command) does not contain the
                        domain name.  In other words, instead of myhost you
                        would use myhost.mydomain.edu.  You may still use the                         would use myhost.mydomain.edu.  You may still use the
                       short form if you wish (and even mix the two).  Beware                       short form if you wish (and even mix the two).  This
                       that turning on _f_q_d_n requires ssuuddoo to make DNS lookups                       option is only effective when the ``canonical'' host
                       which may make ssuuddoo unusable if DNS stops working (for                       name, as returned by the ggeettaaddddrriinnffoo() or
                       example if the machine is not plugged into the                       ggeetthhoossttbbyynnaammee() function, is a fully-qualified domain
                       network).  Also note that you must use the host's                       name.  This is usually the case when the system is
                       official name as DNS knows it.  That is, you may not                       configured to use DNS for host name resolution.
                       use a host alias (CNAME entry) due to performance 
                       issues and the fact that there is no way to get all 
                       aliases from DNS.  If your machine's host name (as 
                       returned by the hostname command) is already fully 
                       qualified you shouldn't need to set _f_q_d_n.  This flag is 
                       _o_f_f by default. 
   
       ignore_dot      If set, ssuuddoo will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in the                       If the system is configured to use the _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s file
                       PATH environment variable; the PATH itself is not                       in preference to DNS, the ``canonical'' host name may
                       modified.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                       not be fully-qualified.  The order that sources are
                        queried for hosts name resolution is usually specified
                        in the _/_e_t_c_/_n_s_s_w_i_t_c_h_._c_o_n_f, _/_e_t_c_/_n_e_t_s_v_c_._c_o_n_f,
                        _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_._c_o_n_f, or, in some cases, _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f
                        file.  In the _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s file, the first host name of
                        the entry is considered to be the ``canonical'' name;
                        subsequent names are aliases that are not used by
                        ssuuddooeerrss.  For example, the following hosts file line
                        for the machine ``xyzzy'' has the fully-qualified
                        domain name as the ``canonical'' host name, and the
                        short version as an alias.
   
       ignore_local_sudoers                             192.168.1.1    xyzzy.sudo.ws xyzzy
 
                        If the machine's hosts file entry is not formatted
                        properly, the _f_q_d_n option will not be effective if it
                        is queried before DNS.
 
                        Beware that when using DNS for host name resolution,
                        turning on _f_q_d_n requires ssuuddooeerrss to make DNS lookups
                        which renders ssuuddoo unusable if DNS stops working (for
                        example if the machine is disconnected from the
                        network).  Also note that just like with the hosts
                        file, you must use the ``canonical'' name as DNS knows
                        it.  That is, you may not use a host alias (CNAME
                        entry) due to performance issues and the fact that
                        there is no way to get all aliases from DNS.
 
                        This flag is _o_f_f by default.
 
      ignore_dot        If set, ssuuddoo will ignore "." or "" (both denoting
                        current directory) in the PATH environment variable;
                        the PATH itself is not modified.  This flag is _o_f_f by
                        default.
 
      ignore_local_sudoers
                        If set via LDAP, parsing of _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s will be                         If set via LDAP, parsing of _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s will be
                        skipped.  This is intended for Enterprises that wish to                         skipped.  This is intended for Enterprises that wish to
                        prevent the usage of local sudoers files so that only                         prevent the usage of local sudoers files so that only
                        LDAP is used.  This thwarts the efforts of rogue                         LDAP is used.  This thwarts the efforts of rogue
                        operators who would attempt to add roles to                         operators who would attempt to add roles to
                        _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  When this option is present,                         _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  When this option is present,
                       _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s does not even need to exist. Since this                       _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s does not even need to exist.  Since this
                        option tells ssuuddoo how to behave when no specific LDAP                         option tells ssuuddoo how to behave when no specific LDAP
                        entries have been matched, this sudoOption is only                         entries have been matched, this sudoOption is only
                        meaningful for the cn=defaults section.  This flag is                         meaningful for the cn=defaults section.  This flag is
                        _o_f_f by default.                         _o_f_f by default.
   
       insults         If set, ssuuddoo will insult users when they enter an     insults           If set, ssuuddoo will insult users when they enter an
                        incorrect password.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         incorrect password.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       log_host        If set, the host name will be logged in the (non-     log_host          If set, the host name will be logged in the (non-
                        syslog) ssuuddoo log file.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         syslog) ssuuddoo log file.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       log_input       If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a _p_s_e_u_d_o _t_t_y and     log_input         If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a _p_s_e_u_d_o _t_t_y and
                        log all user input.  If the standard input is not                         log all user input.  If the standard input is not
                        connected to the user's tty, due to I/O redirection or                         connected to the user's tty, due to I/O redirection or
                        because the command is part of a pipeline, that input                         because the command is part of a pipeline, that input
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                        Input is logged to the directory specified by the                         Input is logged to the directory specified by the
                        _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r option (_/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o_-_i_o by default) using a                         _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r option (_/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o_-_i_o by default) using a
                        unique session ID that is included in the normal ssuuddoo                         unique session ID that is included in the normal ssuuddoo
                       log line, prefixed with _T_S_I_D_=.  The _i_o_l_o_g___f_i_l_e option                       log line, prefixed with ``TSID=''.  The _i_o_l_o_g___f_i_l_e
                       may be used to control the format of the session ID.                       option may be used to control the format of the session
                        ID.
   
                        Note that user input may contain sensitive information                         Note that user input may contain sensitive information
                        such as passwords (even if they are not echoed to the                         such as passwords (even if they are not echoed to the
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                        unencrypted.  In most cases, logging the command output                         unencrypted.  In most cases, logging the command output
                        via _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t is all that is required.                         via _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t is all that is required.
   
       log_output      If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a _p_s_e_u_d_o _t_t_y and     log_output        If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a _p_s_e_u_d_o _t_t_y and
                        log all output that is sent to the screen, similar to                         log all output that is sent to the screen, similar to
                       the _s_c_r_i_p_t(1) command.  If the standard output or                       the script(1) command.  If the standard output or
                        standard error is not connected to the user's tty, due                         standard error is not connected to the user's tty, due
                        to I/O redirection or because the command is part of a                         to I/O redirection or because the command is part of a
                        pipeline, that output is also captured and stored in                         pipeline, that output is also captured and stored in
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                        Output is logged to the directory specified by the                         Output is logged to the directory specified by the
                        _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r option (_/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o_-_i_o by default) using a                         _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r option (_/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o_-_i_o by default) using a
                        unique session ID that is included in the normal ssuuddoo                         unique session ID that is included in the normal ssuuddoo
                       log line, prefixed with _T_S_I_D_=.  The _i_o_l_o_g___f_i_l_e option                       log line, prefixed with ``TSID=''.  The _i_o_l_o_g___f_i_l_e
                       may be used to control the format of the session ID.                       option may be used to control the format of the session
                        ID.
   
                       Output logs may be viewed with the _s_u_d_o_r_e_p_l_a_y(1m)                       Output logs may be viewed with the sudoreplay(1m)
                        utility, which can also be used to list or search the                         utility, which can also be used to list or search the
                        available logs.                         available logs.
   
       log_year        If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-     log_year          If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-
                        syslog) ssuuddoo log file.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         syslog) ssuuddoo log file.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       long_otp_prompt When validating with a One Time Password (OTP) scheme     long_otp_prompt   When validating with a One Time Password (OTP) scheme
                        such as SS//KKeeyy or OOPPIIEE, a two-line prompt is used to                         such as SS//KKeeyy or OOPPIIEE, a two-line prompt is used to
                        make it easier to cut and paste the challenge to a                         make it easier to cut and paste the challenge to a
                        local window.  It's not as pretty as the default but                         local window.  It's not as pretty as the default but
                        some people find it more convenient.  This flag is _o_f_f                         some people find it more convenient.  This flag is _o_f_f
                        by default.                         by default.
   
       mail_always     Send mail to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user every time a users runs     mail_always       Send mail to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user every time a users runs
                        ssuuddoo.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         ssuuddoo.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       mail_badpass    Send mail to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the user running ssuuddoo     mail_badpass      Send mail to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the user running ssuuddoo
                       does not enter the correct password.  This flag is _o_f_f                       does not enter the correct password.  If the command
                       by default.                       the user is attempting to run is not permitted by
                        _s_u_d_o_e_r_s and one of the _m_a_i_l___a_l_w_a_y_s, _m_a_i_l___n_o___h_o_s_t,
                        _m_a_i_l___n_o___p_e_r_m_s or _m_a_i_l___n_o___u_s_e_r flags are set, this flag
                        will have no effect.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       mail_no_host    If set, mail will be sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the     mail_no_host      If set, mail will be sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the
                        invoking user exists in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file, but is not                         invoking user exists in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file, but is not
                        allowed to run commands on the current host.  This flag                         allowed to run commands on the current host.  This flag
                        is _o_f_f by default.                         is _o_f_f by default.
   
       mail_no_perms   If set, mail will be sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the     mail_no_perms     If set, mail will be sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the
                        invoking user is allowed to use ssuuddoo but the command                         invoking user is allowed to use ssuuddoo but the command
                        they are trying is not listed in their _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file                         they are trying is not listed in their _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file
                        entry or is explicitly denied.  This flag is _o_f_f by                         entry or is explicitly denied.  This flag is _o_f_f by
                        default.                         default.
   
       mail_no_user    If set, mail will be sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the     mail_no_user      If set, mail will be sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user if the
                        invoking user is not in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.  This flag is                         invoking user is not in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.  This flag is
                        _o_n by default.                         _o_n by default.
   
       noexec          If set, all commands run via ssuuddoo will behave as if the     noexec            If set, all commands run via ssuuddoo will behave as if the
                        NOEXEC tag has been set, unless overridden by a EXEC                         NOEXEC tag has been set, unless overridden by a EXEC
                        tag.  See the description of _N_O_E_X_E_C _a_n_d _E_X_E_C below as                         tag.  See the description of _N_O_E_X_E_C _a_n_d _E_X_E_C below as
                       well as the "Preventing Shell Escapes" section at the                       well as the _P_r_e_v_e_n_t_i_n_g _s_h_e_l_l _e_s_c_a_p_e_s section at the end
                       end of this manual.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                       of this manual.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       path_info       Normally, ssuuddoo will tell the user when a command could     path_info         Normally, ssuuddoo will tell the user when a command could
                        not be found in their PATH environment variable.  Some                         not be found in their PATH environment variable.  Some
                        sites may wish to disable this as it could be used to                         sites may wish to disable this as it could be used to
                        gather information on the location of executables that                         gather information on the location of executables that
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                        not allowed to run it, which can be confusing.  This                         not allowed to run it, which can be confusing.  This
                        flag is _o_n by default.                         flag is _o_n by default.
   
       passprompt_override     passprompt_override
                        The password prompt specified by _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t will                         The password prompt specified by _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t will
                        normally only be used if the password prompt provided                         normally only be used if the password prompt provided
                       by systems such as PAM matches the string "Password:".                       by systems such as PAM matches the string
                       If _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e is set, _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t will always                       ``Password:''.  If _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t___o_v_e_r_r_i_d_e is set,
                       be used.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                       _p_a_s_s_p_r_o_m_p_t will always be used.  This flag is _o_f_f by
                        default.
   
       preserve_groups By default, ssuuddoo will initialize the group vector to     preserve_groups   By default, ssuuddoo will initialize the group vector to
                        the list of groups the target user is in.  When                         the list of groups the target user is in.  When
                        _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e___g_r_o_u_p_s is set, the user's existing group                         _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e___g_r_o_u_p_s is set, the user's existing group
                        vector is left unaltered.  The real and effective group                         vector is left unaltered.  The real and effective group
                        IDs, however, are still set to match the target user.                         IDs, however, are still set to match the target user.
                        This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       pwfeedback      By default, ssuuddoo reads the password like most other     pwfeedback        By default, ssuuddoo reads the password like most other
                        Unix programs, by turning off echo until the user hits                         Unix programs, by turning off echo until the user hits
                        the return (or enter) key.  Some users become confused                         the return (or enter) key.  Some users become confused
                        by this as it appears to them that ssuuddoo has hung at                         by this as it appears to them that ssuuddoo has hung at
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                        able to determine the length of the password being                         able to determine the length of the password being
                        entered.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         entered.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       requiretty      If set, ssuuddoo will only run when the user is logged in     requiretty        If set, ssuuddoo will only run when the user is logged in
                        to a real tty.  When this flag is set, ssuuddoo can only be                         to a real tty.  When this flag is set, ssuuddoo can only be
                        run from a login session and not via other means such                         run from a login session and not via other means such
                       as _c_r_o_n(1m) or cgi-bin scripts.  This flag is _o_f_f by                       as cron(1m) or cgi-bin scripts.  This flag is _o_f_f by
                        default.                         default.
   
       root_sudo       If set, root is allowed to run ssuuddoo too.  Disabling     root_sudo         If set, root is allowed to run ssuuddoo too.  Disabling
                       this prevents users from "chaining" ssuuddoo commands to                       this prevents users from ``chaining'' ssuuddoo commands to
                       get a root shell by doing something like "sudo sudo                       get a root shell by doing something like ``sudo sudo
                       /bin/sh".  Note, however, that turning off _r_o_o_t___s_u_d_o                       /bin/sh''.  Note, however, that turning off _r_o_o_t___s_u_d_o
                        will also prevent root from running ssuuddooeeddiitt.                         will also prevent root from running ssuuddooeeddiitt.
                        Disabling _r_o_o_t___s_u_d_o provides no real additional                         Disabling _r_o_o_t___s_u_d_o provides no real additional
                        security; it exists purely for historical reasons.                         security; it exists purely for historical reasons.
                        This flag is _o_n by default.                         This flag is _o_n by default.
   
       rootpw          If set, ssuuddoo will prompt for the root password instead     rootpw            If set, ssuuddoo will prompt for the root password instead
                        of the password of the invoking user.  This flag is _o_f_f                         of the password of the invoking user.  This flag is _o_f_f
                        by default.                         by default.
   
       runaspw         If set, ssuuddoo will prompt for the password of the user     runaspw           If set, ssuuddoo will prompt for the password of the user
                        defined by the _r_u_n_a_s___d_e_f_a_u_l_t option (defaults to root)                         defined by the _r_u_n_a_s___d_e_f_a_u_l_t option (defaults to root)
                        instead of the password of the invoking user.  This                         instead of the password of the invoking user.  This
                        flag is _o_f_f by default.                         flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       set_home        If enabled and ssuuddoo is invoked with the --ss option the     set_home          If enabled and ssuuddoo is invoked with the --ss option the
                        HOME environment variable will be set to the home                         HOME environment variable will be set to the home
                        directory of the target user (which is root unless the                         directory of the target user (which is root unless the
                        --uu option is used).  This effectively makes the --ss                         --uu option is used).  This effectively makes the --ss
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                        _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t is disabled or HOME is present in the                         _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t is disabled or HOME is present in the
                        _e_n_v___k_e_e_p list.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         _e_n_v___k_e_e_p list.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       set_logname     Normally, ssuuddoo will set the LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME     set_logname       Normally, ssuuddoo will set the LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME
                        environment variables to the name of the target user                         environment variables to the name of the target user
                        (usually root unless the --uu option is given).  However,                         (usually root unless the --uu option is given).  However,
                        since some programs (including the RCS revision control                         since some programs (including the RCS revision control
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                        disabled, entries in the _e_n_v___k_e_e_p list will override                         disabled, entries in the _e_n_v___k_e_e_p list will override
                        the value of _s_e_t___l_o_g_n_a_m_e.  This flag is _o_n by default.                         the value of _s_e_t___l_o_g_n_a_m_e.  This flag is _o_n by default.
   
       set_utmp        When enabled, ssuuddoo will create an entry in the utmp (or     set_utmp          When enabled, ssuuddoo will create an entry in the utmp (or
                        utmpx) file when a pseudo-tty is allocated.  A pseudo-                         utmpx) file when a pseudo-tty is allocated.  A pseudo-
                        tty is allocated by ssuuddoo when the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t, _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t                         tty is allocated by ssuuddoo when the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t, _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t
                        or _u_s_e___p_t_y flags are enabled.  By default, the new                         or _u_s_e___p_t_y flags are enabled.  By default, the new
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                        (if any), with the tty, time, type and pid fields                         (if any), with the tty, time, type and pid fields
                        updated.  This flag is _o_n by default.                         updated.  This flag is _o_n by default.
   
       setenv          Allow the user to disable the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option from the     setenv            Allow the user to disable the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option from the
                        command line via the --EE option.  Additionally,                         command line via the --EE option.  Additionally,
                        environment variables set via the command line are not                         environment variables set via the command line are not
                        subject to the restrictions imposed by _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k,                         subject to the restrictions imposed by _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k,
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                        should be allowed to set variables in this manner.                         should be allowed to set variables in this manner.
                        This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       shell_noargs    If set and ssuuddoo is invoked with no arguments it acts as     shell_noargs      If set and ssuuddoo is invoked with no arguments it acts as
                        if the --ss option had been given.  That is, it runs a                         if the --ss option had been given.  That is, it runs a
                        shell as root (the shell is determined by the SHELL                         shell as root (the shell is determined by the SHELL
                        environment variable if it is set, falling back on the                         environment variable if it is set, falling back on the
                        shell listed in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry                         shell listed in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry
                        if not).  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         if not).  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       stay_setuid     Normally, when ssuuddoo executes a command the real and     stay_setuid       Normally, when ssuuddoo executes a command the real and
                        effective UIDs are set to the target user (root by                         effective UIDs are set to the target user (root by
                        default).  This option changes that behavior such that                         default).  This option changes that behavior such that
                        the real UID is left as the invoking user's UID.  In                         the real UID is left as the invoking user's UID.  In
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                        This can be useful on systems that disable some                         This can be useful on systems that disable some
                        potentially dangerous functionality when a program is                         potentially dangerous functionality when a program is
                        run setuid.  This option is only effective on systems                         run setuid.  This option is only effective on systems
                       with either the _s_e_t_r_e_u_i_d_(_) or _s_e_t_r_e_s_u_i_d_(_) function.                       that support either the setreuid(2) or setresuid(2)
                       This flag is _o_f_f by default.                       system call.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       targetpw        If set, ssuuddoo will prompt for the password of the user     targetpw          If set, ssuuddoo will prompt for the password of the user
                        specified by the --uu option (defaults to root) instead                         specified by the --uu option (defaults to root) instead
                        of the password of the invoking user.  In addition, the                         of the password of the invoking user.  In addition, the
                       timestamp file name will include the target user's                       time stamp file name will include the target user's
                        name.  Note that this flag precludes the use of a uid                         name.  Note that this flag precludes the use of a uid
                        not listed in the passwd database as an argument to the                         not listed in the passwd database as an argument to the
                        --uu option.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         --uu option.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       tty_tickets     If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.     tty_tickets       If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.
                        With this flag enabled, ssuuddoo will use a file named for                         With this flag enabled, ssuuddoo will use a file named for
                        the tty the user is logged in on in the user's time                         the tty the user is logged in on in the user's time
                        stamp directory.  If disabled, the time stamp of the                         stamp directory.  If disabled, the time stamp of the
                        directory is used instead.  This flag is _o_n by default.                         directory is used instead.  This flag is _o_n by default.
   
       umask_override  If set, ssuuddoo will set the umask as specified by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s     umask_override    If set, ssuuddoo will set the umask as specified by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
                        without modification.  This makes it possible to                         without modification.  This makes it possible to
                        specify a more permissive umask in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s than the                         specify a more permissive umask in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s than the
                        user's own umask and matches historical behavior.  If                         user's own umask and matches historical behavior.  If
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                        be the union of the user's umask and what is specified                         be the union of the user's umask and what is specified
                        in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       use_loginclass  If set, ssuuddoo will apply the defaults specified for the     use_loginclass    If set, ssuuddoo will apply the defaults specified for the
                        target user's login class if one exists.  Only                         target user's login class if one exists.  Only
                        available if ssuuddoo is configured with the                         available if ssuuddoo is configured with the
                        --with-logincap option.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                         --with-logincap option.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       use_pty         If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a pseudo-pty even     use_pty           If set, ssuuddoo will run the command in a pseudo-pty even
                        if no I/O logging is being gone.  A malicious program                         if no I/O logging is being gone.  A malicious program
                        run under ssuuddoo could conceivably fork a background                         run under ssuuddoo could conceivably fork a background
                        process that retains to the user's terminal device                         process that retains to the user's terminal device
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                        this option will make that impossible.  This flag is                         this option will make that impossible.  This flag is
                        _o_f_f by default.                         _o_f_f by default.
   
       utmp_runas      If set, ssuuddoo will store the name of the runas user when     utmp_runas        If set, ssuuddoo will store the name of the runas user when
                        updating the utmp (or utmpx) file.  By default, ssuuddoo                         updating the utmp (or utmpx) file.  By default, ssuuddoo
                        stores the name of the invoking user.  This flag is _o_f_f                         stores the name of the invoking user.  This flag is _o_f_f
                        by default.                         by default.
   
       visiblepw       By default, ssuuddoo will refuse to run if the user must     visiblepw         By default, ssuuddoo will refuse to run if the user must
                        enter a password but it is not possible to disable echo                         enter a password but it is not possible to disable echo
                        on the terminal.  If the _v_i_s_i_b_l_e_p_w flag is set, ssuuddoo                         on the terminal.  If the _v_i_s_i_b_l_e_p_w flag is set, ssuuddoo
                        will prompt for a password even when it would be                         will prompt for a password even when it would be
                        visible on the screen.  This makes it possible to run                         visible on the screen.  This makes it possible to run
                       things like "rsh somehost sudo ls" since _r_s_h(1) does                       things like ``ssh somehost sudo ls'' since by default,
                       not allocate a tty.  This flag is _o_f_f by default.                       ssh(1) does not allocate a tty when running a command.
                        This flag is _o_f_f by default.
   
       IInntteeggeerrss:     IInntteeggeerrss:
   
       closefrom       Before it executes a command, ssuuddoo will close all open     closefrom         Before it executes a command, ssuuddoo will close all open
                        file descriptors other than standard input, standard                         file descriptors other than standard input, standard
                        output and standard error (ie: file descriptors 0-2).                         output and standard error (ie: file descriptors 0-2).
                        The _c_l_o_s_e_f_r_o_m option can be used to specify a different                         The _c_l_o_s_e_f_r_o_m option can be used to specify a different
                        file descriptor at which to start closing.  The default                         file descriptor at which to start closing.  The default
                        is 3.                         is 3.
   
       passwd_tries    The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her     passwd_tries      The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her
                        password before ssuuddoo logs the failure and exits.  The                         password before ssuuddoo logs the failure and exits.  The
                        default is 3.                         default is 3.
   
       IInntteeggeerrss tthhaatt ccaann bbee uusseedd iinn aa bboooolleeaann ccoonntteexxtt:     IInntteeggeerrss tthhaatt ccaann bbee uusseedd iinn aa bboooolleeaann ccoonntteexxtt:
   
       loglinelen      Number of characters per line for the file log.  This     loglinelen        Number of characters per line for the file log.  This
                        value is used to decide when to wrap lines for nicer                         value is used to decide when to wrap lines for nicer
                        log files.  This has no effect on the syslog log file,                         log files.  This has no effect on the syslog log file,
                        only the file log.  The default is 80 (use 0 or negate                         only the file log.  The default is 80 (use 0 or negate
                        the option to disable word wrap).                         the option to disable word wrap).
   
       passwd_timeout  Number of minutes before the ssuuddoo password prompt times     passwd_timeout    Number of minutes before the ssuuddoo password prompt times
                        out, or 0 for no timeout.  The timeout may include a                         out, or 0 for no timeout.  The timeout may include a
                        fractional component if minute granularity is                         fractional component if minute granularity is
                        insufficient, for example 2.5.  The default is 5.                         insufficient, for example 2.5.  The default is 5.
   
       timestamp_timeout     timestamp_timeout
                        Number of minutes that can elapse before ssuuddoo will ask                         Number of minutes that can elapse before ssuuddoo will ask
                        for a passwd again.  The timeout may include a                         for a passwd again.  The timeout may include a
                        fractional component if minute granularity is                         fractional component if minute granularity is
                        insufficient, for example 2.5.  The default is 5.  Set                         insufficient, for example 2.5.  The default is 5.  Set
                        this to 0 to always prompt for a password.  If set to a                         this to 0 to always prompt for a password.  If set to a
                       value less than 0 the user's timestamp will never                       value less than 0 the user's time stamp will never
                        expire.  This can be used to allow users to create or                         expire.  This can be used to allow users to create or
                       delete their own timestamps via sudo -v and sudo -k                       delete their own time stamps via ``sudo -v'' and ``sudo
                       respectively.                       -k'' respectively.
   
       umask           Umask to use when running the command.  Negate this     umask             Umask to use when running the command.  Negate this
                        option or set it to 0777 to preserve the user's umask.                         option or set it to 0777 to preserve the user's umask.
                        The actual umask that is used will be the union of the                         The actual umask that is used will be the union of the
                        user's umask and the value of the _u_m_a_s_k option, which                         user's umask and the value of the _u_m_a_s_k option, which
                        defaults to 0022.  This guarantees that ssuuddoo never                         defaults to 0022.  This guarantees that ssuuddoo never
                       lowers the umask when running a command.  Note on                       lowers the umask when running a command.  Note: on
                        systems that use PAM, the default PAM configuration may                         systems that use PAM, the default PAM configuration may
                        specify its own umask which will override the value set                         specify its own umask which will override the value set
                        in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.                         in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.
   
       SSttrriinnggss:     SSttrriinnggss:
   
       badpass_message Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect     badpass_message   Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect
                        password.  The default is Sorry, try again. unless                         password.  The default is Sorry, try again. unless
                        insults are enabled.                         insults are enabled.
   
       editor          A colon (':') separated list of editors allowed to be     editor            A colon (`:') separated list of editors allowed to be
                        used with vviissuuddoo.  vviissuuddoo will choose the editor that                         used with vviissuuddoo.  vviissuuddoo will choose the editor that
                        matches the user's EDITOR environment variable if                         matches the user's EDITOR environment variable if
                        possible, or the first editor in the list that exists                         possible, or the first editor in the list that exists
                       and is executable.  The default is "vi".                       and is executable.  The default is _v_i.
   
       iolog_dir       The top-level directory to use when constructing the     iolog_dir         The top-level directory to use when constructing the
                        path name for the input/output log directory.  Only                         path name for the input/output log directory.  Only
                        used if the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t or _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t options are enabled                         used if the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t or _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t options are enabled
                        or when the LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT tags are present                         or when the LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT tags are present
                        for a command.  The session sequence number, if any, is                         for a command.  The session sequence number, if any, is
                        stored in the directory.  The default is                         stored in the directory.  The default is
                       "/var/log/sudo-io".                       _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o_-_i_o.
   
                        The following percent (`%') escape sequences are                         The following percent (`%') escape sequences are
                        supported:                         supported:
   
                        %{seq}                         %{seq}
                           expanded to a monotonically increasing base-36                             expanded to a monotonically increasing base-36
                           sequence number, such as 0100A5, where every two                             sequence number, such as 0100A5, where every two
                           digits are used to form a new directory, e.g.                             digits are used to form a new directory, e.g.
                           _0_1_/_0_0_/_A_5                             _0_1_/_0_0_/_A_5
   
                        %{user}                         %{user}
                           expanded to the invoking user's login name                             expanded to the invoking user's login name
   
                        %{group}                         %{group}
                           expanded to the name of the invoking user's real                             expanded to the name of the invoking user's real
                           group ID                             group ID
   
                        %{runas_user}                         %{runas_user}
                           expanded to the login name of the user the command                             expanded to the login name of the user the
                           will be run as (e.g. root)                             command will be run as (e.g. root)
   
                        %{runas_group}                         %{runas_group}
                           expanded to the group name of the user the command                             expanded to the group name of the user the
                           will be run as (e.g. wheel)                             command will be run as (e.g. wheel)
   
                        %{hostname}                         %{hostname}
                           expanded to the local host name without the domain                             expanded to the local host name without the
                           name                             domain name
   
                        %{command}                         %{command}
                           expanded to the base name of the command being run                             expanded to the base name of the command being
                              run
   
                        In addition, any escape sequences supported by the                         In addition, any escape sequences supported by the
                       system's _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e_(_) function will be expanded.                       system's strftime(3) function will be expanded.
   
                        To include a literal `%' character, the string `%%'                         To include a literal `%' character, the string `%%'
                        should be used.                         should be used.
   
       iolog_file      The path name, relative to _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r, in which to store     iolog_file        The path name, relative to _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r, in which to store
                        input/output logs when the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t or _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t                         input/output logs when the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t or _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t
                        options are enabled or when the LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT                         options are enabled or when the LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT
                        tags are present for a command.  Note that _i_o_l_o_g___f_i_l_e                         tags are present for a command.  Note that _i_o_l_o_g___f_i_l_e
                        may contain directory components.  The default is                         may contain directory components.  The default is
                       "%{seq}".                       ``%{seq}''.
   
                        See the _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r option above for a list of supported                         See the _i_o_l_o_g___d_i_r option above for a list of supported
                        percent (`%') escape sequences.                         percent (`%') escape sequences.
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                        In addition to the escape sequences, path names that                         In addition to the escape sequences, path names that
                        end in six or more Xs will have the Xs replaced with a                         end in six or more Xs will have the Xs replaced with a
                        unique combination of digits and letters, similar to                         unique combination of digits and letters, similar to
                       the _m_k_t_e_m_p_(_) function.                       the mktemp(3) function.
   
       mailsub         Subject of the mail sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user. The escape     limitprivs        The default Solaris limit privileges to use when
                       %h will expand to the host name of the machine.                       constructing a new privilege set for a command.  This
                       Default is *** SECURITY information for %h ***.                       bounds all privileges of the executing process.  The
                        default limit privileges may be overridden on a per-
                        command basis in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  This option is only
                        available if ssuuddooeerrss is built on Solaris 10 or higher.
   
       noexec_file     This option is no longer supported.  The path to the     mailsub           Subject of the mail sent to the _m_a_i_l_t_o user.  The
                        escape %h will expand to the host name of the machine.
                        Default is ``*** SECURITY information for %h ***''.
 
      noexec_file       This option is no longer supported.  The path to the
                        noexec file should now be set in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f                         noexec file should now be set in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f
                        file.                         file.
   
       passprompt      The default prompt to use when asking for a password;     passprompt        The default prompt to use when asking for a password;
                        can be overridden via the --pp option or the SUDO_PROMPT                         can be overridden via the --pp option or the SUDO_PROMPT
                        environment variable.  The following percent (`%')                         environment variable.  The following percent (`%')
                        escape sequences are supported:                         escape sequences are supported:
   
                       %H  expanded to the local host name including the                       %H    expanded to the local host name including the
                           domain name (only if the machine's host name is                             domain name (only if the machine's host name is
                           fully qualified or the _f_q_d_n option is set)                             fully qualified or the _f_q_d_n option is set)
   
                       %h  expanded to the local host name without the domain 
                           name                             domain name
   
                       %p  expanded to the user whose password is being asked                       %p    expanded to the user whose password is being
                           for (respects the _r_o_o_t_p_w, _t_a_r_g_e_t_p_w and _r_u_n_a_s_p_w     
                           flags in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s)                             _r_u_n_a_s_p_w flags in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s)
   
                       %U  expanded to the login name of the user the command 
                           will be run as (defaults to root)                             command will be run as (defaults to root)
   
                       %u  expanded to the invoking user's login name                       %u    expanded to the invoking user's login name
   
                       %%  two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a                       %%    two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a
                           single % character                             single % character
   
                       The default value is Password:.                       The default value is ``Password:''.
   
       role            The default SELinux role to use when constructing a new     privs             The default Solaris privileges to use when constructing
                        a new privilege set for a command.  This is passed to
                        the executing process via the inherited privilege set,
                        but is bounded by the limit privileges.  If the _p_r_i_v_s
                        option is specified but the _l_i_m_i_t_p_r_i_v_s option is not,
                        the limit privileges of the executing process is set to
                        _p_r_i_v_s.  The default privileges may be overridden on a
                        per-command basis in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.  This option is only
                        available if ssuuddooeerrss is built on Solaris 10 or higher.
 
      role              The default SELinux role to use when constructing a new
                        security context to run the command.  The default role                         security context to run the command.  The default role
                        may be overridden on a per-command basis in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s or                         may be overridden on a per-command basis in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s or
                        via command line options.  This option is only                         via command line options.  This option is only
                       available whe ssuuddoo is built with SELinux support.                       available when ssuuddoo is built with SELinux support.
   
       runas_default   The default user to run commands as if the --uu option is     runas_default     The default user to run commands as if the --uu option is
                        not specified on the command line.  This defaults to                         not specified on the command line.  This defaults to
                        root.                         root.
   
       syslog_badpri   Syslog priority to use when user authenticates     syslog_badpri     Syslog priority to use when user authenticates
                        unsuccessfully.  Defaults to alert.                         unsuccessfully.  Defaults to alert.
   
                        The following syslog priorities are supported: aalleerrtt,                         The following syslog priorities are supported: aalleerrtt,
                        ccrriitt, ddeebbuugg, eemmeerrgg, eerrrr, iinnffoo, nnoottiiccee, and wwaarrnniinngg.                         ccrriitt, ddeebbuugg, eemmeerrgg, eerrrr, iinnffoo, nnoottiiccee, and wwaarrnniinngg.
   
       syslog_goodpri  Syslog priority to use when user authenticates     syslog_goodpri    Syslog priority to use when user authenticates
                        successfully.  Defaults to notice.                         successfully.  Defaults to notice.
   
                       See syslog_badpri for the list of supported syslog                       See _s_y_s_l_o_g___b_a_d_p_r_i for the list of supported syslog
                        priorities.                         priorities.
   
       sudoers_locale  Locale to use when parsing the sudoers file, logging     sudoers_locale    Locale to use when parsing the sudoers file, logging
                        commands, and sending email.  Note that changing the                         commands, and sending email.  Note that changing the
                        locale may affect how sudoers is interpreted.  Defaults                         locale may affect how sudoers is interpreted.  Defaults
                       to "C".                       to ``C''.
   
       timestampdir    The directory in which ssuuddoo stores its timestamp files.     timestampdir      The directory in which ssuuddoo stores its time stamp
                       The default is _/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o.                       files.  The default is _/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o.
   
       timestampowner  The owner of the timestamp directory and the timestamps     timestampowner    The owner of the time stamp directory and the time
                       stored therein.  The default is root.                       stamps stored therein.  The default is root.
   
       type            The default SELinux type to use when constructing a new     type              The default SELinux type to use when constructing a new
                        security context to run the command.  The default type                         security context to run the command.  The default type
                        may be overridden on a per-command basis in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s or                         may be overridden on a per-command basis in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s or
                        via command line options.  This option is only                         via command line options.  This option is only
                       available whe ssuuddoo is built with SELinux support.                       available when ssuuddoo is built with SELinux support.
   
       SSttrriinnggss tthhaatt ccaann bbee uusseedd iinn aa bboooolleeaann ccoonntteexxtt:     SSttrriinnggss tthhaatt ccaann bbee uusseedd iinn aa bboooolleeaann ccoonntteexxtt:
   
       env_file    The _e_n_v___f_i_l_e option specifies the fully qualified path to a     env_file      The _e_n_v___f_i_l_e option specifies the fully qualified path to a
                    file containing variables to be set in the environment of                     file containing variables to be set in the environment of
                    the program being run.  Entries in this file should either                     the program being run.  Entries in this file should either
                   be of the form VARIABLE=value or export VARIABLE=value.                   be of the form ``VARIABLE=value'' or ``export
                   The value may optionally be surrounded by single or double                   VARIABLE=value''.  The value may optionally be surrounded
                   quotes.  Variables in this file are subject to other ssuuddoo                   by single or double quotes.  Variables in this file are
                   environment settings such as _e_n_v___k_e_e_p and _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k.                   subject to other ssuuddoo environment settings such as _e_n_v___k_e_e_p
                    and _e_n_v___c_h_e_c_k.
   
       exempt_group     exempt_group  Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH
                   Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH 
                    requirements.  The group name specified should not include                     requirements.  The group name specified should not include
                    a % prefix.  This is not set by default.                     a % prefix.  This is not set by default.
   
       group_plugin     group_plugin  A string containing a _s_u_d_o_e_r_s group plugin with optional
                   A string containing a _s_u_d_o_e_r_s group plugin with optional 
                    arguments.  This can be used to implement support for the                     arguments.  This can be used to implement support for the
                    nonunix_group syntax described earlier.  The string should                     nonunix_group syntax described earlier.  The string should
                    consist of the plugin path, either fully-qualified or                     consist of the plugin path, either fully-qualified or
Line 1203  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS Line 1302  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
                    any configuration arguments the plugin requires.  These                     any configuration arguments the plugin requires.  These
                    arguments (if any) will be passed to the plugin's                     arguments (if any) will be passed to the plugin's
                    initialization function.  If arguments are present, the                     initialization function.  If arguments are present, the
                   string must be enclosed in double quotes (").                   string must be enclosed in double quotes ("").
   
                    For example, given _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_-_g_r_o_u_p, a group file in Unix                     For example, given _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_-_g_r_o_u_p, a group file in Unix
                    group format, the sample group plugin can be used:                     group format, the sample group plugin can be used:
   
                       Defaults group_plugin="sample_group.so /etc/sudo-group"                   Defaults group_plugin="sample_group.so /etc/sudo-group"
   
                   For more information see _s_u_d_o___p_l_u_g_i_n(4).                   For more information see sudo_plugin(4).
   
       lecture     This option controls when a short lecture will be printed     lecture       This option controls when a short lecture will be printed
                    along with the password prompt.  It has the following                     along with the password prompt.  It has the following
                    possible values:                     possible values:
   
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                    Negating the option results in a value of _n_e_v_e_r being used.                     Negating the option results in a value of _n_e_v_e_r being used.
                    The default value is _o_n_c_e.                     The default value is _o_n_c_e.
   
       lecture_file     lecture_file  Path to a file containing an alternate ssuuddoo lecture that
                   Path to a file containing an alternate ssuuddoo lecture that 
                    will be used in place of the standard lecture if the named                     will be used in place of the standard lecture if the named
                    file exists.  By default, ssuuddoo uses a built-in lecture.                     file exists.  By default, ssuuddoo uses a built-in lecture.
   
       listpw      This option controls when a password will be required when     listpw        This option controls when a password will be required when
                    a user runs ssuuddoo with the --ll option.  It has the following                     a user runs ssuuddoo with the --ll option.  It has the following
                    possible values:                     possible values:
   
                   all     All the user's _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries for the current host                   all       All the user's _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries for the current
                           must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a     
                           password.                             entering a password.
   
                   always  The user must always enter a password to use the --ll                   always    The user must always enter a password to use the
                           option.                             --ll option.
   
                   any     At least one of the user's _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries for the                   any       At least one of the user's _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries for
                           current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to                             the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag se                             the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag se
                           avoid entering a password.                             to avoid entering a password.
   
                   never   The user need never enter a password to use the --ll                   never     The user need never enter a password to use the
                           option.                             --ll option.
   
                    If no value is specified, a value of _a_n_y is implied.                     If no value is specified, a value of _a_n_y is implied.
                    Negating the option results in a value of _n_e_v_e_r being used.                     Negating the option results in a value of _n_e_v_e_r being used.
                    The default value is _a_n_y.                     The default value is _a_n_y.
   
       logfile     Path to the ssuuddoo log file (not the syslog log file).     logfile       Path to the ssuuddoo log file (not the syslog log file).
                    Setting a path turns on logging to a file; negating this                     Setting a path turns on logging to a file; negating this
                    option turns it off.  By default, ssuuddoo logs via syslog.                     option turns it off.  By default, ssuuddoo logs via syslog.
   
       mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to --tt.     mailerflags   Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to --tt.
   
       mailerpath  Path to mail program used to send warning mail.  Defaults     mailerpath    Path to mail program used to send warning mail.  Defaults
                    to the path to sendmail found at configure time.                     to the path to sendmail found at configure time.
   
       mailfrom    Address to use for the "from" address when sending warning     mailfrom      Address to use for the ``from'' address when sending
                   and error mail.  The address should be enclosed in double                   warning and error mail.  The address should be enclosed in
                   quotes (") to protect against ssuuddoo interpreting the @ sign.                   double quotes ("") to protect against ssuuddoo interpreting the
                   Defaults to the name of the user running ssuuddoo.                   @ sign.  Defaults to the name of the user running ssuuddoo.
   
       mailto      Address to send warning and error mail to.  The address     mailto        Address to send warning and error mail to.  The address
                   should be enclosed in double quotes (") to protect against                   should be enclosed in double quotes ("") to protect against
                    ssuuddoo interpreting the @ sign.  Defaults to root.                     ssuuddoo interpreting the @ sign.  Defaults to root.
   
       secure_path Path used for every command run from ssuuddoo.  If you don't     secure_path   Path used for every command run from ssuuddoo.  If you don't
                    trust the people running ssuuddoo to have a sane PATH                     trust the people running ssuuddoo to have a sane PATH
                    environment variable you may want to use this.  Another use                     environment variable you may want to use this.  Another use
                   is if you want to have the "root path" be separate from the                   is if you want to have the ``root path'' be separate from
                   "user path."  Users in the group specified by the                   the ``user path''.  Users in the group specified by the
                    _e_x_e_m_p_t___g_r_o_u_p option are not affected by _s_e_c_u_r_e___p_a_t_h.  This                     _e_x_e_m_p_t___g_r_o_u_p option are not affected by _s_e_c_u_r_e___p_a_t_h.  This
                    option is not set by default.                     option is not set by default.
   
       syslog      Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate     syslog        Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate
                    to disable syslog logging).  Defaults to auth.                     to disable syslog logging).  Defaults to auth.
   
                    The following syslog facilities are supported: aauutthhpprriivv (if                     The following syslog facilities are supported: aauutthhpprriivv (if
                    your OS supports it), aauutthh, ddaaeemmoonn, uusseerr, llooccaall00, llooccaall11,                     your OS supports it), aauutthh, ddaaeemmoonn, uusseerr, llooccaall00, llooccaall11,
                    llooccaall22, llooccaall33, llooccaall44, llooccaall55, llooccaall66, and llooccaall77.                     llooccaall22, llooccaall33, llooccaall44, llooccaall55, llooccaall66, and llooccaall77.
   
       verifypw    This option controls when a password will be required when     verifypw      This option controls when a password will be required when
                    a user runs ssuuddoo with the --vv option.  It has the following                     a user runs ssuuddoo with the --vv option.  It has the following
                    possible values:                     possible values:
   
Line 1308  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS Line 1406  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
                    Negating the option results in a value of _n_e_v_e_r being used.                     Negating the option results in a value of _n_e_v_e_r being used.
                    The default value is _a_l_l.                     The default value is _a_l_l.
   
       LLiissttss tthhaatt ccaann bbee uusseedd iinn aa bboooolleeaann ccoonntteexxtt:     LLiissttss tthhaatt ccaann bbee uusseedd iinn aa bboooolleeaann ccoonntteexxtt:
   
       env_check       Environment variables to be removed from the user's     env_check         Environment variables to be removed from the user's
                       environment if the variable's value contains % or /                       environment if the variable's value contains `%' or `/'
                        characters.  This can be used to guard against printf-                         characters.  This can be used to guard against printf-
                        style format vulnerabilities in poorly-written                         style format vulnerabilities in poorly-written
                        programs.  The argument may be a double-quoted, space-                         programs.  The argument may be a double-quoted, space-
Line 1323  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS Line 1421  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
                        env_check will be preserved in the environment if they                         env_check will be preserved in the environment if they
                        pass the aforementioned check.  The default list of                         pass the aforementioned check.  The default list of
                        environment variables to check is displayed when ssuuddoo                         environment variables to check is displayed when ssuuddoo
                       is run by root with the _-_V option.                       is run by root with the --VV option.
   
       env_delete      Environment variables to be removed from the user's     env_delete        Environment variables to be removed from the user's
                        environment when the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is not in effect.                         environment when the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is not in effect.
                        The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated                         The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated
                        list or a single value without double-quotes.  The list                         list or a single value without double-quotes.  The list
                        can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by                         can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by
                        using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators respectively.  The                         using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators respectively.  The
                        default list of environment variables to remove is                         default list of environment variables to remove is
                       displayed when ssuuddoo is run by root with the _-_V option.                       displayed when ssuuddoo is run by root with the --VV option.
                        Note that many operating systems will remove                         Note that many operating systems will remove
                        potentially dangerous variables from the environment of                         potentially dangerous variables from the environment of
                        any setuid process (such as ssuuddoo).                         any setuid process (such as ssuuddoo).
   
       env_keep        Environment variables to be preserved in the user's     env_keep          Environment variables to be preserved in the user's
                        environment when the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is in effect.                         environment when the _e_n_v___r_e_s_e_t option is in effect.
                        This allows fine-grained control over the environment                         This allows fine-grained control over the environment
                        ssuuddoo-spawned processes will receive.  The argument may                         ssuuddoo-spawned processes will receive.  The argument may
Line 1346  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS Line 1444  SSUUDDOOEERRSS OOPPTTIIOONNSS
                        added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=,                         added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=,
                        -=, and ! operators respectively.  The default list of                         -=, and ! operators respectively.  The default list of
                        variables to keep is displayed when ssuuddoo is run by root                         variables to keep is displayed when ssuuddoo is run by root
                       with the _-_V option.                       with the --VV option.
   
   LLOOGG FFOORRMMAATT
        ssuuddooeerrss can log events using either syslog(3) or a simple log file.  In
        each case the log format is almost identical.
   
      AAcccceepptteedd ccoommmmaanndd lloogg eennttrriieess
        Commands that sudo runs are logged using the following format (split into
        multiple lines for readability):
   
            date hostname progname: username : TTY=ttyname ; PWD=cwd ; \
                USER=runasuser ; GROUP=runasgroup ; TSID=logid ; \
                ENV=env_vars COMMAND=command
   
        Where the fields are as follows:
   
        date          The date the command was run.  Typically, this is in the
                      format ``MMM, DD, HH:MM:SS''.  If logging via syslog(3),
                      the actual date format is controlled by the syslog daemon.
                      If logging to a file and the _l_o_g___y_e_a_r option is enabled,
                      the date will also include the year.
   
        hostname      The name of the host ssuuddoo was run on.  This field is only
                      present when logging via syslog(3).
   
        progname      The name of the program, usually _s_u_d_o or _s_u_d_o_e_d_i_t.  This
                      field is only present when logging via syslog(3).
   
        username      The login name of the user who ran ssuuddoo.
   
        ttyname       The short name of the terminal (e.g. ``console'',
                      ``tty01'', or ``pts/0'') ssuuddoo was run on, or ``unknown'' if
                      there was no terminal present.
   
        cwd           The current working directory that ssuuddoo was run in.
   
        runasuser     The user the command was run as.
   
        runasgroup    The group the command was run as if one was specified on
                      the command line.
   
        logid         An I/O log identifier that can be used to replay the
                      command's output.  This is only present when the _l_o_g___i_n_p_u_t
                      or _l_o_g___o_u_t_p_u_t option is enabled.
   
        env_vars      A list of environment variables specified on the command
                      line, if specified.
   
        command       The actual command that was executed.
   
        Messages are logged using the locale specified by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___l_o_c_a_l_e, which
        defaults to the ``C'' locale.
   
      DDeenniieedd ccoommmmaanndd lloogg eennttrriieess
        If the user is not allowed to run the command, the reason for the denial
        will follow the user name.  Possible reasons include:
   
        user NOT in sudoers
           The user is not listed in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.
   
        user NOT authorized on host
           The user is listed in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file but is not allowed to run
           commands on the host.
   
        command not allowed
           The user is listed in the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file for the host but they are not
           allowed to run the specified command.
   
        3 incorrect password attempts
           The user failed to enter their password after 3 tries.  The actual
           number of tries will vary based on the number of failed attempts and
           the value of the _p_a_s_s_w_d___t_r_i_e_s option.
   
        a password is required
           ssuuddoo's --nn option was specified but a password was required.
   
        sorry, you are not allowed to set the following environment variables
           The user specified environment variables on the command line that were
           not allowed by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.
   
      EErrrroorr lloogg eennttrriieess
        If an error occurs, ssuuddooeerrss will log a message and, in most cases, send a
        message to the administrator via email.  Possible errors include:
   
        parse error in /etc/sudoers near line N
           ssuuddooeerrss encountered an error when parsing the specified file.  In some
           cases, the actual error may be one line above or below the line number
           listed, depending on the type of error.
   
        problem with defaults entries
           The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file contains one or more unknown Defaults settings.  This
           does not prevent ssuuddoo from running, but the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file should be
           checked using vviissuuddoo.
   
        timestamp owner (username): No such user
           The time stamp directory owner, as specified by the _t_i_m_e_s_t_a_m_p_o_w_n_e_r
           setting, could not be found in the password database.
   
        unable to open/read /etc/sudoers
           The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file could not be opened for reading.  This can happen
           when the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file is located on a remote file system that maps
           user ID 0 to a different value.  Normally, ssuuddooeerrss tries to open
           _s_u_d_o_e_r_s using group permissions to avoid this problem.  Consider
           changing the ownership of _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s by adding an option like
           ``sudoers_uid=N'' (where `N' is the user ID that owns the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
           file) to the ssuuddooeerrss plugin line in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file.
   
        unable to stat /etc/sudoers
           The _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s file is missing.
   
        /etc/sudoers is not a regular file
           The _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s file exists but is not a regular file or symbolic
           link.
   
        /etc/sudoers is owned by uid N, should be 0
           The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file has the wrong owner.  If you wish to change the
           _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file owner, please add ``sudoers_uid=N'' (where `N' is the
           user ID that owns the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file) to the ssuuddooeerrss plugin line in the
           _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file.
   
        /etc/sudoers is world writable
           The permissions on the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file allow all users to write to it.
           The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file must not be world-writable, the default file mode is
           0440 (readable by owner and group, writable by none).  The default
           mode may be changed via the ``sudoers_mode'' option to the ssuuddooeerrss
           plugin line in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file.
   
        /etc/sudoers is owned by gid N, should be 1
           The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file has the wrong group ownership.  If you wish to change
           the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file group ownership, please add ``sudoers_gid=N'' (where
           `N' is the group ID that owns the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file) to the ssuuddooeerrss plugin
           line in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file.
   
        unable to open /var/adm/sudo/username/ttyname
           _s_u_d_o_e_r_s was unable to read or create the user's time stamp file.
   
        unable to write to /var/adm/sudo/username/ttyname
           _s_u_d_o_e_r_s was unable to write to the user's time stamp file.
   
        unable to mkdir to /var/adm/sudo/username
           _s_u_d_o_e_r_s was unable to create the user's time stamp directory.
   
      NNootteess oonn llooggggiinngg vviiaa ssyysslloogg
        By default, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s logs messages via syslog(3).  The _d_a_t_e, _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e, and
        _p_r_o_g_n_a_m_e fields are added by the syslog daemon, not _s_u_d_o_e_r_s itself.  As
        such, they may vary in format on different systems.
   
        On most systems, syslog(3) has a relatively small log buffer.  To prevent
        the command line arguments from being truncated, ssuuddooeerrss will split up
        log messages that are larger than 960 characters (not including the date,
        hostname, and the string ``sudo'').  When a message is split, additional
        parts will include the string ``(command continued)'' after the user name
        and before the continued command line arguments.
   
      NNootteess oonn llooggggiinngg ttoo aa ffiillee
        If the _l_o_g_f_i_l_e option is set, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will log to a local file, such as
        _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o.  When logging to a file, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s uses a format similar to
        syslog(3), with a few important differences:
   
        1.   The _p_r_o_g_n_a_m_e and _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e fields are not present.
   
        2.   If the _l_o_g___y_e_a_r option is enabled, the date will also include the
             year.
   
        3.   Lines that are longer than _l_o_g_l_i_n_e_l_e_n characters (80 by default) are
             word-wrapped and continued on the next line with a four character
             indent.  This makes entries easier to read for a human being, but
             makes it more difficult to use grep(1) on the log files.  If the
             _l_o_g_l_i_n_e_l_e_n option is set to 0 (or negated with a `!'), word wrap
             will be disabled.
   
 SSUUDDOO..CCOONNFF  SSUUDDOO..CCOONNFF
       The _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file determines which plugins the ssuuddoo front end     The _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file determines which plugins the ssuuddoo front end will
       will load.  If no _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file is present, or it contains no     load.  If no _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file is present, or it contains no Plugin
       Plugin lines, ssuuddoo will use the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy and I/O     lines, ssuuddoo will use the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy and I/O logging, which
       logging, which corresponds to the following _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file.     corresponds to the following _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file.
   
        #     #
        # Default /etc/sudo.conf file     # Default /etc/sudo.conf file
        #     #
        # Format:     # Format:
        #   Plugin plugin_name plugin_path plugin_options ...     #   Plugin plugin_name plugin_path plugin_options ...
        #   Path askpass /path/to/askpass     #   Path askpass /path/to/askpass
        #   Path noexec /path/to/sudo_noexec.so     #   Path noexec /path/to/sudo_noexec.so
        #   Debug sudo /var/log/sudo_debug all@warn     #   Debug sudo /var/log/sudo_debug all@warn
        #   Set disable_coredump true     #   Set disable_coredump true
        #     #
        # The plugin_path is relative to /usr/local/libexec unless     # The plugin_path is relative to /usr/local/libexec unless
        #   fully qualified.     #   fully qualified.
        # The plugin_name corresponds to a global symbol in the plugin     # The plugin_name corresponds to a global symbol in the plugin
        #   that contains the plugin interface structure.     #   that contains the plugin interface structure.
        # The plugin_options are optional.     # The plugin_options are optional.
        #     #
        Plugin policy_plugin sudoers.so     Plugin policy_plugin sudoers.so
        Plugin io_plugin sudoers.so     Plugin io_plugin sudoers.so
   
   PPLLUUGGIINN OOPPTTIIOONNSS   PPlluuggiinn ooppttiioonnss
       Starting with ssuuddoo 1.8.5 it is possible to pass options to the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s     Starting with ssuuddoo 1.8.5, it is possible to pass options to the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
       plugin.  Options may be listed after the path to the plugin (i.e. after     plugin.  Options may be listed after the path to the plugin (i.e. after
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._s_o); multiple options should be space-separated.  For example:     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._s_o); multiple options should be space-separated.  For example:
   
        Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so sudoers_file=/etc/sudoers sudoers_uid=0 sudoers_gid=0 sudoers_mode=0440     Plugin sudoers_policy sudoers.so sudoers_file=/etc/sudoers sudoers_uid=0 sudoers_gid=0 sudoers_mode=0440
   
       The following plugin options are supported:     The following plugin options are supported:
   
       sudoers_file=pathname     sudoers_file=pathname
                 The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___f_i_l_e option can be used to override the default               The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___f_i_l_e option can be used to override the default
                 path to the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.               path to the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.
   
       sudoers_uid=uid     sudoers_uid=uid
                 The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___u_i_d option can be used to override the default               The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___u_i_d option can be used to override the default
                 owner of the sudoers file.  It should be specified as a               owner of the sudoers file.  It should be specified as a numeric
                 numeric user ID.               user ID.
   
       sudoers_gid=gid     sudoers_gid=gid
                 The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___g_i_d option can be used to override the default               The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___g_i_d option can be used to override the default
                 group of the sudoers file.  It should be specified as a               group of the sudoers file.  It should be specified as a numeric
                 numeric group ID.               group ID.
   
       sudoers_mode=mode     sudoers_mode=mode
                 The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___m_o_d_e option can be used to override the default               The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s___m_o_d_e option can be used to override the default
                 file mode for the sudoers file.  It should be specified as an               file mode for the sudoers file.  It should be specified as an
                 octal value.               octal value.
   
   DDEEBBUUGG FFLLAAGGSS   DDeebbuugg ffllaaggss
       Versions 1.8.4 and higher of the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s plugin supports a debugging     Versions 1.8.4 and higher of the _s_u_d_o_e_r_s plugin supports a debugging
       framework that can help track down what the plugin is doing internally     framework that can help track down what the plugin is doing internally if
       if there is a problem.  This can be configured in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f     there is a problem.  This can be configured in the _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f file as
       file as described in _s_u_d_o(1m).     described in sudo(1m).
   
       The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s plugin uses the same debug flag format as ssuuddoo itself:     The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s plugin uses the same debug flag format as the ssuuddoo front-end:
       _s_u_b_s_y_s_t_e_m@_p_r_i_o_r_i_t_y.     _s_u_b_s_y_s_t_e_m@_p_r_i_o_r_i_t_y.
   
       The priorities used by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, in order of decreasing severity, are:     The priorities used by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s, in order of decreasing severity, are:
       _c_r_i_t, _e_r_r, _w_a_r_n, _n_o_t_i_c_e, _d_i_a_g, _i_n_f_o, _t_r_a_c_e and _d_e_b_u_g.  Each priority,     _c_r_i_t, _e_r_r, _w_a_r_n, _n_o_t_i_c_e, _d_i_a_g, _i_n_f_o, _t_r_a_c_e and _d_e_b_u_g.  Each priority,
       when specified, also includes all priorities higher than it.  For     when specified, also includes all priorities higher than it.  For
       example, a priority of _n_o_t_i_c_e would include debug messages logged at     example, a priority of _n_o_t_i_c_e would include debug messages logged at
       _n_o_t_i_c_e and higher.     _n_o_t_i_c_e and higher.
   
       The following subsystems are used by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s:     The following subsystems are used by _s_u_d_o_e_r_s:
   
       _a_l_i_a_s     User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias processing     _a_l_i_a_s     User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias processing
   
       _a_l_l       matches every subsystem     _a_l_l       matches every subsystem
   
       _a_u_d_i_t     BSM and Linux audit code     _a_u_d_i_t     BSM and Linux audit code
   
       _a_u_t_h      user authentication     _a_u_t_h      user authentication
   
       _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s  _s_u_d_o_e_r_s _D_e_f_a_u_l_t_s settings     _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s  _s_u_d_o_e_r_s _D_e_f_a_u_l_t_s settings
   
       _e_n_v       environment handling     _e_n_v       environment handling
   
       _l_d_a_p      LDAP-based sudoers     _l_d_a_p      LDAP-based sudoers
   
       _l_o_g_g_i_n_g   logging support     _l_o_g_g_i_n_g   logging support
   
       _m_a_t_c_h     matching of users, groups, hosts and netgroups in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s     _m_a_t_c_h     matching of users, groups, hosts and netgroups in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
   
       _n_e_t_i_f     network interface handling     _n_e_t_i_f     network interface handling
   
       _n_s_s       network service switch handling in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s     _n_s_s       network service switch handling in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s
   
       _p_a_r_s_e_r    _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file parsing     _p_a_r_s_e_r    _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file parsing
   
       _p_e_r_m_s     permission setting     _p_e_r_m_s     permission setting
   
       _p_l_u_g_i_n    The equivalent of _m_a_i_n for the plugin.     _p_l_u_g_i_n    The equivalent of _m_a_i_n for the plugin.
   
       _p_t_y       pseudo-tty related code     _p_t_y       pseudo-tty related code
   
       _r_b_t_r_e_e    redblack tree internals     _r_b_t_r_e_e    redblack tree internals
   
       _u_t_i_l      utility functions     _u_t_i_l      utility functions
   
 FFIILLEESS  FFIILLEESS
       _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f          Sudo front end configuration     _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_._c_o_n_f            Sudo front end configuration
   
       _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s            List of who can run what     _/_e_t_c_/_s_u_d_o_e_r_s              List of who can run what
   
       _/_e_t_c_/_g_r_o_u_p              Local groups file     _/_e_t_c_/_g_r_o_u_p                Local groups file
   
       _/_e_t_c_/_n_e_t_g_r_o_u_p           List of network groups     _/_e_t_c_/_n_e_t_g_r_o_u_p             List of network groups
   
       _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o_-_i_o        I/O log files     _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_s_u_d_o_-_i_o          I/O log files
   
       _/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o           Directory containing time stamps for the     _/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o             Directory containing time stamps for the
                                _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy                                 _s_u_d_o_e_r_s security policy
   
       _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t        Initial environment for --ii mode on AIX and     _/_e_t_c_/_e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t          Initial environment for --ii mode on AIX and
                                Linux systems                                 Linux systems
   
 EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS  EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS
       Below are example _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries.  Admittedly, some of these are a bit     Below are example _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entries.  Admittedly, some of these are a bit
       contrived.  First, we allow a few environment variables to pass and     contrived.  First, we allow a few environment variables to pass and then
       then define our _a_l_i_a_s_e_s:     define our _a_l_i_a_s_e_s:
   
        # Run X applications through sudo; HOME is used to find the     # Run X applications through sudo; HOME is used to find the
        # .Xauthority file.  Note that other programs use HOME to find     # .Xauthority file.  Note that other programs use HOME to find
        # configuration files and this may lead to privilege escalation!     # configuration files and this may lead to privilege escalation!
        Defaults env_keep += "DISPLAY HOME"     Defaults env_keep += "DISPLAY HOME"
   
        # User alias specification     # User alias specification
        User_Alias     FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy     User_Alias      FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
        User_Alias     PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl     User_Alias      PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
        User_Alias     WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim     User_Alias      WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim
   
        # Runas alias specification     # Runas alias specification
        Runas_Alias    OP = root, operator     Runas_Alias     OP = root, operator
        Runas_Alias    DB = oracle, sybase     Runas_Alias     DB = oracle, sybase
        Runas_Alias    ADMINGRP = adm, oper     Runas_Alias     ADMINGRP = adm, oper
   
        # Host alias specification     # Host alias specification
        Host_Alias     SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\     Host_Alias      SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\
                       SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\                     SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\
                       ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\                     ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\
                       HPPA = boa, nag, python                     HPPA = boa, nag, python
        Host_Alias     CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0     Host_Alias      CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
        Host_Alias     CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0     Host_Alias      CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
        Host_Alias     SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns     Host_Alias      SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
        Host_Alias     CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules     Host_Alias      CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
   
        # Cmnd alias specification     # Cmnd alias specification
        Cmnd_Alias     DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\     Cmnd_Alias      DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
                               /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore                             /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
        Cmnd_Alias     KILL = /usr/bin/kill     Cmnd_Alias      KILL = /usr/bin/kill
        Cmnd_Alias     PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm     Cmnd_Alias      PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
        Cmnd_Alias     SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown     Cmnd_Alias      SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
        Cmnd_Alias     HALT = /usr/sbin/halt     Cmnd_Alias      HALT = /usr/sbin/halt
        Cmnd_Alias     REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot     Cmnd_Alias      REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot
        Cmnd_Alias     SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \     Cmnd_Alias      SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh,\
                                /usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \                              /usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh,\
                                /usr/local/bin/zsh                              /usr/local/bin/zsh
        Cmnd_Alias     SU = /usr/bin/su     Cmnd_Alias      SU = /usr/bin/su
        Cmnd_Alias     PAGERS = /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg, /usr/bin/less     Cmnd_Alias      PAGERS = /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg, /usr/bin/less
   
       Here we override some of the compiled in default values.  We want ssuuddoo     Here we override some of the compiled in default values.  We want ssuuddoo to
       to log via _s_y_s_l_o_g(3) using the _a_u_t_h facility in all cases.  We don't     log via syslog(3) using the _a_u_t_h facility in all cases.  We don't want to
       want to subject the full time staff to the ssuuddoo lecture, user mmiilllleerrtt     subject the full time staff to the ssuuddoo lecture, user mmiilllleerrtt need not
       need not give a password, and we don't want to reset the LOGNAME, USER     give a password, and we don't want to reset the LOGNAME, USER or USERNAME
       or USERNAME environment variables when running commands as root.     environment variables when running commands as root.  Additionally, on
       Additionally, on the machines in the _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias, we keep an     the machines in the _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log
       additional local log file and make sure we log the year in each log     file and make sure we log the year in each log line since the log entries
       line since the log entries will be kept around for several years.     will be kept around for several years.  Lastly, we disable shell escapes
       Lastly, we disable shell escapes for the commands in the PAGERS     for the commands in the PAGERS Cmnd_Alias (_/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_m_o_r_e, _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_p_g and
       Cmnd_Alias (_/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_m_o_r_e, _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_p_g and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_e_s_s).     _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_l_e_s_s).
   
        # Override built-in defaults     # Override built-in defaults
        Defaults               syslog=auth     Defaults                syslog=auth
        Defaults>root          !set_logname     Defaults>root           !set_logname
        Defaults:FULLTIMERS    !lecture     Defaults:FULLTIMERS     !lecture
        Defaults:millert       !authenticate     Defaults:millert        !authenticate
        Defaults@SERVERS       log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log     Defaults@SERVERS        log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
        Defaults!PAGERS        noexec     Defaults!PAGERS         noexec
   
       The _U_s_e_r _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n is the part that actually determines who may run     The _U_s_e_r _s_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n is the part that actually determines who may run
       what.     what.
   
        root           ALL = (ALL) ALL     root            ALL = (ALL) ALL
        %wheel         ALL = (ALL) ALL     %wheel          ALL = (ALL) ALL
   
       We let rroooott and any user in group wwhheeeell run any command on any host as     We let rroooott and any user in group wwhheeeell run any command on any host as
       any user.     any user.
   
        FULLTIMERS     ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL     FULLTIMERS      ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
   
       Full time sysadmins (mmiilllleerrtt, mmiikkeeff, and ddoowwddyy) may run any command on     Full time sysadmins (mmiilllleerrtt, mmiikkeeff, and ddoowwddyy) may run any command on
       any host without authenticating themselves.     any host without authenticating themselves.
   
        PARTTIMERS     ALL = ALL     PARTTIMERS      ALL = ALL
   
       Part time sysadmins (bboossttlleeyy, jjwwffooxx, and ccrraawwll) may run any command on     Part time sysadmins bboossttlleeyy, jjwwffooxx, and ccrraawwll) may run any command on any
       any host but they must authenticate themselves first (since the entry     host but they must authenticate themselves first (since the entry lacks
       lacks the NOPASSWD tag).     the NOPASSWD tag).
   
        jack           CSNETS = ALL     jack            CSNETS = ALL
   
       The user jjaacckk may run any command on the machines in the _C_S_N_E_T_S alias     The user jjaacckk may run any command on the machines in the _C_S_N_E_T_S alias
       (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, and 128.138.242.0).  Of     (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, and 128.138.242.0).  Of those
       those networks, only 128.138.204.0 has an explicit netmask (in CIDR     networks, only 128.138.204.0 has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation)
       notation) indicating it is a class C network.  For the other networks     indicating it is a class C network.  For the other networks in _C_S_N_E_T_S,
       in _C_S_N_E_T_S, the local machine's netmask will be used during matching.     the local machine's netmask will be used during matching.
   
        lisa           CUNETS = ALL     lisa            CUNETS = ALL
   
       The user lliissaa may run any command on any host in the _C_U_N_E_T_S alias (the     The user lliissaa may run any command on any host in the _C_U_N_E_T_S alias (the
       class B network 128.138.0.0).     class B network 128.138.0.0).
   
        operator       ALL = DUMPS, KILL, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT, PRINTING,\     operator        ALL = DUMPS, KILL, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT, PRINTING,\
                       sudoedit /etc/printcap, /usr/oper/bin/                     sudoedit /etc/printcap, /usr/oper/bin/
   
       The ooppeerraattoorr user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.     The ooppeerraattoorr user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.  Here,
       Here, those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the     those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the printing
       printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the     system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the directory
       directory _/_u_s_r_/_o_p_e_r_/_b_i_n_/.     _/_u_s_r_/_o_p_e_r_/_b_i_n_/.
   
        joe            ALL = /usr/bin/su operator     joe             ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
   
       The user jjooee may only _s_u(1) to operator.     The user jjooee may only su(1) to operator.
   
        pete           HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root     pete            HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
   
        %opers         ALL = (: ADMINGRP) /usr/sbin/     %opers          ALL = (: ADMINGRP) /usr/sbin/
   
       Users in the ooppeerrss group may run commands in _/_u_s_r_/_s_b_i_n_/ as themselves     Users in the ooppeerrss group may run commands in _/_u_s_r_/_s_b_i_n_/ as themselves
       with any group in the _A_D_M_I_N_G_R_P Runas_Alias (the aaddmm and ooppeerr groups).     with any group in the _A_D_M_I_N_G_R_P Runas_Alias (the aaddmm and ooppeerr groups).
   
       The user ppeettee is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on     The user ppeettee is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on
       the _H_P_P_A machines.  Note that this assumes _p_a_s_s_w_d(1) does not take     the _H_P_P_A machines.  Note that this assumes passwd(1) does not take
       multiple user names on the command line.     multiple user names on the command line.
   
        bob            SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL     bob             SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
   
       The user bboobb may run anything on the _S_P_A_R_C and _S_G_I machines as any user     The user bboobb may run anything on the _S_P_A_R_C and _S_G_I machines as any user
       listed in the _O_P Runas_Alias (rroooott and ooppeerraattoorr).     listed in the _O_P Runas_Alias (rroooott and ooppeerraattoorr.)
   
        jim            +biglab = ALL     jim             +biglab = ALL
   
       The user jjiimm may run any command on machines in the _b_i_g_l_a_b netgroup.     The user jjiimm may run any command on machines in the _b_i_g_l_a_b netgroup.
       ssuuddoo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix.     ssuuddoo knows that ``biglab'' is a netgroup due to the `+' prefix.
   
        +secretaries   ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser     +secretaries    ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
   
       Users in the sseeccrreettaarriieess netgroup need to help manage the printers as     Users in the sseeccrreettaarriieess netgroup need to help manage the printers as
       well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those commands     well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those commands
       on all machines.     on all machines.
   
        fred           ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL     fred            ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
   
       The user ffrreedd can run commands as any user in the _D_B Runas_Alias     The user ffrreedd can run commands as any user in the _D_B Runas_Alias (oorraaccllee
       (oorraaccllee or ssyybbaassee) without giving a password.     or ssyybbaassee) without giving a password.
   
        john           ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*     john            ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
   
       On the _A_L_P_H_A machines, user jjoohhnn may su to anyone except root but he is     On the _A_L_P_H_A machines, user jjoohhnn may su to anyone except root but he is
       not allowed to specify any options to the _s_u(1) command.     not allowed to specify any options to the su(1) command.
   
        jen            ALL, !SERVERS = ALL     jen             ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
   
       The user jjeenn may run any command on any machine except for those in the     The user jjeenn may run any command on any machine except for those in the
       _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias (master, mail, www and ns).     _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias (master, mail, www and ns).
   
        jill           SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS     jill            SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
   
       For any machine in the _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias, jjiillll may run any commands in     For any machine in the _S_E_R_V_E_R_S Host_Alias, jjiillll may run any commands in
       the directory _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/ except for those commands belonging to the _S_U     the directory _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/ except for those commands belonging to the _S_U and
       and _S_H_E_L_L_S Cmnd_Aliases.     _S_H_E_L_L_S Cmnd_Aliases.
   
        steve          CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/     steve           CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
   
       The user sstteevvee may run any command in the directory     The user sstteevvee may run any command in the directory
       /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.     /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.
   
        matt           valkyrie = KILL     matt            valkyrie = KILL
   
       On his personal workstation, valkyrie, mmaatttt needs to be able to kill     On his personal workstation, valkyrie, mmaatttt needs to be able to kill hung
       hung processes.     processes.
   
        WEBMASTERS     www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www     WEBMASTERS      www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
   
       On the host www, any user in the _W_E_B_M_A_S_T_E_R_S User_Alias (will, wendy,     On the host www, any user in the _W_E_B_M_A_S_T_E_R_S User_Alias (will, wendy, and
       and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the web pages) or     wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the web pages) or
       simply _s_u(1) to www.     simply su(1) to www.
   
        ALL            CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\     ALL             CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
                       /sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM                     /sbin/mount -o nosuid,node                     /sbin/mount -o nosuid,node
   
       Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM     Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
       Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.     Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.  This
       This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate for     is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate for
       encapsulating in a shell script.     encapsulating in a shell script.
   
 SSEECCUURRIITTYY NNOOTTEESS  SSEECCUURRIITTYY NNOOTTEESS
   LLiimmiittaattiioonnss ooff tthhee ''!!'' ooppeerraattoorr   LLiimmiittaattiioonnss ooff tthhee ``!!'' ooppeerraattoorr
       It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from ALL using the     It is generally not effective to ``subtract'' commands from AALLLL using the
       '!' operator.  A user can trivially circumvent this by copying the     `!' operator.  A user can trivially circumvent this by copying the
       desired command to a different name and then executing that.  For     desired command to a different name and then executing that.  For
       example:     example:
   
           bill        ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS     bill    ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
   
       Doesn't really prevent bbiillll from running the commands listed in _S_U or     Doesn't really prevent bbiillll from running the commands listed in _S_U or
       _S_H_E_L_L_S since he can simply copy those commands to a different name, or     _S_H_E_L_L_S since he can simply copy those commands to a different name, or
       use a shell escape from an editor or other program.  Therefore, these     use a shell escape from an editor or other program.  Therefore, these
       kind of restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and     kind of restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and
       reinforced by policy).     reinforced by policy).
   
       In general, if a user has sudo ALL there is nothing to prevent them     In general, if a user has sudo AALLLL there is nothing to prevent them from
       from creating their own program that gives them a root shell (or making     creating their own program that gives them a root shell (or making their
       their own copy of a shell) regardless of any '!' elements in the user     own copy of a shell) regardless of any `!' elements in the user
       specification.     specification.
   
    SSeeccuurriittyy iimmpplliiccaattiioonnss ooff _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b     SSeeccuurriittyy iimmpplliiccaattiioonnss ooff _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b
       If the _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b option is in use, it is not possible to reliably     If the _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b option is in use, it is not possible to reliably negate
       negate commands where the path name includes globbing (aka wildcard)     commands where the path name includes globbing (aka wildcard) characters.
       characters.  This is because the C library's _f_n_m_a_t_c_h(3) function cannot     This is because the C library's fnmatch(3) function cannot resolve
       resolve relative paths.  While this is typically only an inconvenience     relative paths.  While this is typically only an inconvenience for rules
       for rules that grant privileges, it can result in a security issue for     that grant privileges, it can result in a security issue for rules that
       rules that subtract or revoke privileges.     subtract or revoke privileges.
   
       For example, given the following _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entry:     For example, given the following _s_u_d_o_e_r_s entry:
   
        john   ALL = /usr/bin/passwd [a-zA-Z0-9]*, /usr/bin/chsh [a-zA-Z0-9]*,     john    ALL = /usr/bin/passwd [a-zA-Z0-9]*, /usr/bin/chsh [a-zA-Z0-9]*,\
             /usr/bin/chfn [a-zA-Z0-9]*, !/usr/bin/* root                   /usr/bin/chfn [a-zA-Z0-9]*, !/usr/bin/* root
   
       User jjoohhnn can still run /usr/bin/passwd root if _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b is enabled by     User jjoohhnn can still run /usr/bin/passwd root if _f_a_s_t___g_l_o_b is enabled by
       changing to _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n and running ./passwd root instead.     changing to _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n and running ./passwd root instead.
   
   PPrreevveennttiinngg SShheellll EEssccaappeess   PPrreevveennttiinngg sshheellll eessccaappeess
       Once ssuuddoo executes a program, that program is free to do whatever it     Once ssuuddoo executes a program, that program is free to do whatever it
       pleases, including run other programs.  This can be a security issue     pleases, including run other programs.  This can be a security issue
       since it is not uncommon for a program to allow shell escapes, which     since it is not uncommon for a program to allow shell escapes, which lets
       lets a user bypass ssuuddoo's access control and logging.  Common programs     a user bypass ssuuddoo's access control and logging.  Common programs that
       that permit shell escapes include shells (obviously), editors,     permit shell escapes include shells (obviously), editors, paginators,
       paginators, mail and terminal programs.     mail and terminal programs.
   
       There are two basic approaches to this problem:     There are two basic approaches to this problem:
   
       restrict  Avoid giving users access to commands that allow the user to     restrict  Avoid giving users access to commands that allow the user to
                 run arbitrary commands.  Many editors have a restricted mode               run arbitrary commands.  Many editors have a restricted mode
                 where shell escapes are disabled, though ssuuddooeeddiitt is a better               where shell escapes are disabled, though ssuuddooeeddiitt is a better
                 solution to running editors via ssuuddoo.  Due to the large               solution to running editors via ssuuddoo.  Due to the large number
                 number of programs that offer shell escapes, restricting               of programs that offer shell escapes, restricting users to the
                 users to the set of programs that do not is often unworkable.               set of programs that do not is often unworkable.
   
       noexec    Many systems that support shared libraries have the ability     noexec    Many systems that support shared libraries have the ability to
                 to override default library functions by pointing an               override default library functions by pointing an environment
                 environment variable (usually LD_PRELOAD) to an alternate               variable (usually LD_PRELOAD) to an alternate shared library.
                 shared library.  On such systems, ssuuddoo's _n_o_e_x_e_c functionality               On such systems, ssuuddoo's _n_o_e_x_e_c functionality can be used to
                 can be used to prevent a program run by ssuuddoo from executing               prevent a program run by ssuuddoo from executing any other
                 any other programs.  Note, however, that this applies only to               programs.  Note, however, that this applies only to native
                 native dynamically-linked executables.  Statically-linked               dynamically-linked executables.  Statically-linked executables
                 executables and foreign executables running under binary               and foreign executables running under binary emulation are not
                 emulation are not affected.               affected.
   
                 The _n_o_e_x_e_c feature is known to work on SunOS, Solaris, *BSD,               The _n_o_e_x_e_c feature is known to work on SunOS, Solaris, *BSD,
                 Linux, IRIX, Tru64 UNIX, MacOS X, HP-UX 11.x and AIX 5.3 and               Linux, IRIX, Tru64 UNIX, MacOS X, HP-UX 11.x and AIX 5.3 and
                 above.  It should be supported on most operating systems that               above.  It should be supported on most operating systems that
                 support the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.  Check your               support the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.  Check your
                 operating system's manual pages for the dynamic linker               operating system's manual pages for the dynamic linker (usually
                 (usually ld.so, ld.so.1, dyld, dld.sl, rld, or loader) to see               ld.so, ld.so.1, dyld, dld.sl, rld, or loader) to see if
                 if LD_PRELOAD is supported.               LD_PRELOAD is supported.
   
                 On Solaris 10 and higher, _n_o_e_x_e_c uses Solaris privileges               On Solaris 10 and higher, _n_o_e_x_e_c uses Solaris privileges
                 instead of the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.               instead of the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.
   
                 To enable _n_o_e_x_e_c for a command, use the NOEXEC tag as               To enable _n_o_e_x_e_c for a command, use the NOEXEC tag as
                 documented in the User Specification section above.  Here is               documented in the User Specification section above.  Here is
                 that example again:               that example again:
   
                  aaron  shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi               aaron   shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi
   
                 This allows user aaaarroonn to run _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_m_o_r_e and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_v_i               This allows user aaaarroonn to run _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_m_o_r_e and _/_u_s_r_/_b_i_n_/_v_i
                 with _n_o_e_x_e_c enabled.  This will prevent those two commands               with _n_o_e_x_e_c enabled.  This will prevent those two commands from
                 from executing other commands (such as a shell).  If you are               executing other commands (such as a shell).  If you are unsure
                 unsure whether or not your system is capable of supporting               whether or not your system is capable of supporting _n_o_e_x_e_c you
                 _n_o_e_x_e_c you can always just try it out and check whether shell               can always just try it out and check whether shell escapes work
                 escapes work when _n_o_e_x_e_c is enabled.               when _n_o_e_x_e_c is enabled.
   
       Note that restricting shell escapes is not a panacea.  Programs running     Note that restricting shell escapes is not a panacea.  Programs running
       as root are still capable of many potentially hazardous operations     as root are still capable of many potentially hazardous operations (such
       (such as changing or overwriting files) that could lead to unintended     as changing or overwriting files) that could lead to unintended privilege
       privilege escalation.  In the specific case of an editor, a safer     escalation.  In the specific case of an editor, a safer approach is to
       approach is to give the user permission to run ssuuddooeeddiitt.     give the user permission to run ssuuddooeeddiitt.
   
    TTiimmee ssttaammpp ffiillee cchheecckkss     TTiimmee ssttaammpp ffiillee cchheecckkss
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will check the ownership of its time stamp directory     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will check the ownership of its time stamp directory
       (_/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o by default) and ignore the directory's contents if it is     (_/_v_a_r_/_a_d_m_/_s_u_d_o by default) and ignore the directory's contents if it is
       not owned by root or if it is writable by a user other than root.  On     not owned by root or if it is writable by a user other than root.  On
       systems that allow non-root users to give away files via _c_h_o_w_n(2), if     systems that allow non-root users to give away files via chown(2), if the
       the time stamp directory is located in a world-writable directory     time stamp directory is located in a world-writable directory (e.g.,
       (e.g., _/_t_m_p), it is possible for a user to create the time stamp     _/_t_m_p), it is possible for a user to create the time stamp directory
       directory before ssuuddoo is run.  However, because _s_u_d_o_e_r_s checks the     before ssuuddoo is run.  However, because _s_u_d_o_e_r_s checks the ownership and
       ownership and mode of the directory and its contents, the only damage     mode of the directory and its contents, the only damage that can be done
       that can be done is to "hide" files by putting them in the time stamp     is to ``hide'' files by putting them in the time stamp dir.  This is
       dir.  This is unlikely to happen since once the time stamp dir is owned     unlikely to happen since once the time stamp dir is owned by root and
       by root and inaccessible by any other user, the user placing files     inaccessible by any other user, the user placing files there would be
       there would be unable to get them back out.     unable to get them back out.
   
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will not honor time stamps set far in the future.  Time stamps     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will not honor time stamps set far in the future.  Time stamps
       with a date greater than current_time + 2 * TIMEOUT will be ignored and     with a date greater than current_time + 2 * TIMEOUT will be ignored and
       sudo will log and complain.  This is done to keep a user from creating     sudo will log and complain.  This is done to keep a user from creating
       his/her own time stamp with a bogus date on systems that allow users to     his/her own time stamp with a bogus date on systems that allow users to
       give away files if the time stamp directory is located in a world-     give away files if the time stamp directory is located in a world-
       writable directory.     writable directory.
   
       On systems where the boot time is available, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will ignore time     On systems where the boot time is available, _s_u_d_o_e_r_s will ignore time
       stamps that date from before the machine booted.     stamps that date from before the machine booted.
   
       Since time stamp files live in the file system, they can outlive a     Since time stamp files live in the file system, they can outlive a user's
       user's login session.  As a result, a user may be able to login, run a     login session.  As a result, a user may be able to login, run a command
       command with ssuuddoo after authenticating, logout, login again, and run     with ssuuddoo after authenticating, logout, login again, and run ssuuddoo without
       ssuuddoo without authenticating so long as the time stamp file's     authenticating so long as the time stamp file's modification time is
       modification time is within 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set     within 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s).  When
       to in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s).  When the _t_t_y___t_i_c_k_e_t_s option is enabled, the time stamp     the _t_t_y___t_i_c_k_e_t_s option is enabled, the time stamp has per-tty granularity
       has per-tty granularity but still may outlive the user's session.  On     but still may outlive the user's session.  On Linux systems where the
       Linux systems where the devpts filesystem is used, Solaris systems with     devpts filesystem is used, Solaris systems with the devices filesystem,
       the devices filesystem, as well as other systems that utilize a devfs     as well as other systems that utilize a devfs filesystem that
       filesystem that monotonically increase the inode number of devices as     monotonically increase the inode number of devices as they are created
       they are created (such as Mac OS X), _s_u_d_o_e_r_s is able to determine when     (such as Mac OS X), _s_u_d_o_e_r_s is able to determine when a tty-based time
       a tty-based time stamp file is stale and will ignore it.     stamp file is stale and will ignore it.  Administrators should not rely
       Administrators should not rely on this feature as it is not universally     on this feature as it is not universally available.
       available. 
   
 SSEEEE AALLSSOO  SSEEEE AALLSSOO
       _r_s_h(1), _s_u(1), _f_n_m_a_t_c_h(3), _g_l_o_b(3), _m_k_t_e_m_p(3), _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3),     ssh(1), su(1), fnmatch(3), glob(3), mktemp(3), strftime(3),
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s_._l_d_a_p(4), _s_u_d_o___p_l_u_g_i_n(1m), _s_u_d_o(1m), _v_i_s_u_d_o(1m)     sudoers.ldap(4), sudo_plugin(1m), sudo(1m), visudo(1m)
   
 CCAAVVEEAATTSS  CCAAVVEEAATTSS
       The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file should aallwwaayyss be edited by the vviissuuddoo command which     The _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file should aallwwaayyss be edited by the vviissuuddoo command which
       locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is imperative that     locks the file and does grammatical checking.  It is imperative that
       _s_u_d_o_e_r_s be free of syntax errors since ssuuddoo will not run with a     _s_u_d_o_e_r_s be free of syntax errors since ssuuddoo will not run with a
       syntactically incorrect _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.     syntactically incorrect _s_u_d_o_e_r_s file.
   
       When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you store     When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you store
       fully qualified host name in the netgroup (as is usually the case), you     fully qualified host name in the netgroup (as is usually the case), you
       either need to have the machine's host name be fully qualified as     either need to have the machine's host name be fully qualified as
       returned by the hostname command or use the _f_q_d_n option in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.     returned by the hostname command or use the _f_q_d_n option in _s_u_d_o_e_r_s.
   
 BBUUGGSS  BBUUGGSS
       If you feel you have found a bug in ssuuddoo, please submit a bug report at     If you feel you have found a bug in ssuuddoo, please submit a bug report at
       http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/     http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
   
 SSUUPPPPOORRTT  SSUUPPPPOORRTT
       Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see     Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see
       http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search     http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the
       the archives.     archives.
   
 DDIISSCCLLAAIIMMEERR  DDIISSCCLLAAIIMMEERR
       ssuuddoo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,     ssuuddoo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,
       including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of     including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
       merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.     and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.  See the LICENSE
       See the LICENSE file distributed with ssuuddoo or     file distributed with ssuuddoo or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for
       http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for complete details.     complete details.
   
Sudo 1.8.6                       July 16, 2012                      Sudo 1.8.6
 
1.8.5                           March 28, 2012                      SUDOERS(4) 
Removed from v.1.1.1.2  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.1.1.3

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